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On the Operation of Jun-tian jun-yi 均田均役
Get PDFThe jun-tian jun-yi fa 均田均役法 went into effect in the prefectures of Jia-xing 嘉興 and Fu-zhou 福州 in the late Ming period as a reform of the li-jia zheng-yi 里甲正役 system. The imposition of zheng-yi was based on acreage, and the privilege from labor service (you-mian 優免) accorded to the gentry was reduced. On account of the latter provision the gentry objected to the enforcement (of the law and obstructed it in many ways, sometimes by violence. 0n the other hand, those who welcomed the enforcement of the reform most warmly were small landowners who had no such pfivileges, including the class of sheng-yuan 生員. Many of the reforms stemmed from proposals made by this class. At times they mobilized large numbers of people in demonstrations. These movements on the part of the class of small landowners are associated with the intensification of class confrontation, the existence of which in this period has already been pointed out. In the face of this crisis of authority on the part of the gentry and the imperial state, "righteous" gentry, led by the Dong-lin clique 東林黨 and others, attempted to liquidate the crisis by co-opting small landowners into the establishment on the basis of certain concessions. One can observe such a political manoeuvre in the enforcement of Jun-tian jun-yi
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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