1,720,964 research outputs found
Julian Boal. Theatre of the Oppressed and Its Times
Get PDFIn Theatre of the Oppressed and Its Times, Julian Boal thoughtfully delves into both the theoretical framework and practical application of his father’s, Augusto Boal’s, iconic method: Theatre of the Oppressed (TO). More than a review of TO methods, the book interrogates the effectiveness and implications of Boal’s philosophy in today’s world while demonstrating a moving generational tribute to the continued revolutionary power of theatre. As Julian Boal makes clear in his writing, TO developed from a distinctly radical, left-leaning tradition of political theatre. The historical backdrop to this tradition was marked by the struggle for independence in countries of the Global South, particularly in the political upheavals in 1970s Brazil. TO, as Julian Boal argues, was not designed to entertain, but to inspire social change and revolution.
A key theme in Augusto Boal’s work is the shift from established leftist ideologies toward a more immersive and grassroots form of political expression. Extending his father’s critique of hierarchal political organizing, Julian Boal criticizes the role of intellectuals and cultural agents in the theatre industry. As he suggests, those who claim to represent the so-called people, are integral parts of a disciplined society that restricts the masses to positions of dependency or subjugation. At their core, those in such elevated positions operate as intermediaries for oppressive power structures; they are incapable of reflecting the perspectives of different communities or articulating genuine collective truths. As power is productive in nature, it functions as a mechanism for social regulation, leaving discernible and explicit traces on the body, customs, and cognitive processes. Julian Boal suggests that TO offers an alternative by empowering the oppressed to articulate their struggles directly, without the intervention of academics or intellectual elites.
One of the central elements in Augusto Boal’s TO is the concept of the “spect-actor”—a participant who both observes and performs. Building on Brechtian priciples, Julian Boal further develops the audience’s subjective status, granting them the freedom to act out and present their own life stories on stage, thereby eliminating the need for actors to convey their thoughts or experiences. The introduction of the spect-actor indicates the complete breakdown of the longstanding theatrical convention known as the “fourth wall”, thus widening the scope of interpersonal engagement in theatrical performances and enriching its communal significance. Nevertheless, while contemplating the ideal of “rehearsal for revolution”, one must evaluate the authenticity of the spect-actor concept. On the one hand, the spect-actor’s imitation of real life is constructed through subjective cognition, which does not possess a objective analysis and universal significance. On the other hand, TO, characterized by the openness of its text and the democratization of participation, features elements of unpredictability. “Rehearsal for revolution” might incite the spect-actors to form irrational collectives, potentially progessing into a product homologous to Aristotle’s tragic model of suppression.
Despite these challenges, Julian Boal insists that TO’s social function is valuable, as it opens space for civil discourse and critical consciousness in non-violent ways. According to Boal, in Part Two, the state operates in a realm of theoretical abstraction, which often conceals and obscures the concrete, phenomenological and everyday impacts of power on individuals. His main focus remains on the economic dimension of power, viewing it as the ownership of productive means that define class status. This economic power is seen as a stepping stone to political dominance, empowering interest groups to propagate ideologies that suppress the general populace. Ideology, in this context, is individuals’ lives, revealing the subconscious relationship between individuals and their surroundings.
At this stage, art becomes a material expression of the ideological state apparatus, reflecting the unconscious constraints imposed on human existence. However, Boal distinguishes between conventional art, which reinforces existing power structures, and leftist art, which has the potential to depict the authentic lifeworld of the oppressed. He believes that leftist theater can empower the oppressed, offering them a means to achieve physical liberation and enabling direct intervention in social and political affairs. Through this medium, the mental repression endured by the oppressed can be dismantled, paving the way for spiritual liberation. When practitioners of TO return to their everyday lives with liberated bodies and minds, they acquire a power capable of challenging the status quo and transforming society. In this sense, the production model of TO functions as a revolutionary battle on the cultural front. It seeks to awaken the revolutionary potential embedded in everyday life, with the ultimate goal of achieving the full emancipation of the oppressed.
Wherever power relations exist, they function effectively by becoming decentralized, anonymous, and omnipresent. This expanded understanding of power dissolves traditional political boundaries, shifting the focus from narrow legal definitions to a global perspective. Resistance, then, must be redefined to encompass local actions across various fronts. Consequently, contemporary TO practices have evolved beyond their socio-political roots in Latin America into a transcultural and transdisciplinary method that intervenes in a wide range of social concerns.
In Part Three, Boal presents three specific case studies that illustrate the global expansion of TO practices in India, Portugal, and Brazil. Jana Sanskriti in India arose from rural struggles, engaging farmers in collective analysis and debate of their everyday issues. This consensus-building approach turns rural society into a political space where citizenship is exercised through participation, demonstrating collective will and decision-making power of peasants. In Portugal, Oprima! unites TO practitioners and social movement activists, blending activism and theatre through “critical generosity”. This approach combines performances with workshops to refine scenes and explore dramaturgical alternatives, fostering a political-theatrical dialogue to find practical solutions for social issues. Free from commercial interests, Oprima! promotes equality and collaboration without hierarchical distinctions based on profession or origin. Brazil’s Popular Theatre School was established to train militants, strengthening cultural collectives within social movements. Initially focused on political dramaturgy and Epic Theatre, the school has broadened its outreach, embracing Forum Theatre and fostering critical thinking among young people, with the goal of reclassifying culture as a tool for mass political struggle.
These case studies reflect the emergence of a new social sphere distinct from both the market and the state, signaling innovative forms of social activism. They embody a renewed humanitarian consciousness centered on individual freedom, equality, and human dignity, moving away from traditional leftist militancy or bourgeois civic ideals. This revolution of everyday life supports oppressed groups by loosening rigid social relations and hierarchies. Near the end of this book, Julian Boal introduces the concept of “subjunctive theatre”, which rejects fixed ideologies in favor of exploring uncertainty and potential. In this view, this concept resonates with the case studies discussed earlier. By facilitating an interplay of ideas and actions, Part Three embodies a shift toward a more nuanced understanding of emancipation. For Boal, emancipation is no longer confined to citizenship, politics, or the traditional goals of Western liberalism. Contemporary political struggles reveal that this narrow conception of emancipation often neglects the specific political needs of marginalized groups—such as women and lower classes—who have been overlooked by orthodox Marxism\u27s universal framework of “class”.
Ultimately, while theatre may intervene in reality, it remains theatre—not politics—and its impact on actual politic change may be limited. The value of Boal’s book lies in its case studies and exercises, which illustrate the uncompromising spirit of leftist resistance and the enduring revolutionary potential of theatre, even amidst the decline of the “New Left” and left-wing theatre in Western cultures. This book presents a powerful vision of how theatre can engage with societal issues, providing a blueprint for future grassroots movements and theatrical actions
Theatre of the Oppressed and its Times: A talk by Julian Boal
No full textI’m always impressed by someone who can stand up and speak coherently without notes. It’s an underrated art form, and one that Julian Boal performs with conviction and authenticity, all the while in a second language. He is promoting his new book, Theatre of the Oppressed and its Times (2023), at an event jointly hosted by Active Enquiry Theatre Company and the University of Edinburgh’s Moray House. I arrive at Boal’s talk intrigued by what it’s like to be the son of a revolutionary theatre practitioner, probably the most famous theatre maker ever. 
Theatre of the Oppressed and its Times: A talk by Julian Boal
Get PDFI’m always impressed by someone who can stand up and speak coherently without notes. It’s an underrated art form, and one that Julian Boal performs with conviction and authenticity, all the while in a second language. He is promoting his new book, Theatre of the Oppressed and its Times (2023), at an event jointly hosted by Active Enquiry Theatre Company and the University of Edinburgh’s Moray House. I arrive at Boal’s talk intrigued by what it’s like to be the son of a revolutionary theatre practitioner, probably the most famous theatre maker ever. 
Academia: Theatre of the Oppressed in Colleges and Universities
No full textThis dynamic book offers a comprehensive companion to the theory and practice of Theatre of the Oppressed. Developed by Brazilian director and theorist Augusto Boal, these theatrical forms invite people to mobilize their knowledge and rehearse struggles against oppression.
Featuring a diverse array of voices (many of them as yet unheard in the academic world), the book hosts dialogues on the following questions, among others:
Why and how did Theatre of the Oppressed develop?
What are the differences between the 1970s (when Theatre of the Oppressed began) and today?
How has Theatre of the Oppressed been shaped by local and global shifts of the last 40-plus years?
Why has Theatre of the Oppressed spread or "multiplied" across so many geographic, national, and cultural borders?
How has Theatre of the Oppressed been shaped by globalization, "development," and neoliberalism?
What are the stakes, challenges, and possibilities of Theatre of the Oppressed today?
How can Theatre of the Oppressed balance practical analysis of what is with ambitious insistence on what could be?
How can Theatre of the Oppressed hope, but concretely?
Broad in scope yet rich in detail, The Routledge Companion to Theatre of the Oppressed contains practical and critical content relevant to artists, activists, teachers, students, and researchers
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
- …
