1,127 research outputs found
TINJAUAN KRITIS ATAS PANDANGAN TJITZE DE BOER TERHADAP FILSAFAT ISLAM
No full textTjitze De Boer mentions that Muslim philosophers were greatly influenced by Greek philosophy. This perspective leads him to believe that Islamic philosophy merely imitates, takes, and modifies ideas originating from Greek philosophy. The author sees this view as tarnishing the image of Islamic philosophy by denying its existence. Consequently, it is crucial to conduct a scholarly study addressing De Boer misconceptions about Islamic philosophy. This is because his viewpoint may potentially be influenced by intellectual racism towards Islamic philosophy. Thus, this research aims to provide a critical evaluation of De Boer errors in understanding Islamic philosophy.
This study is a literature review, examining Tjitze De Boer work titled “Geschichte der Philosophie in Isläm” to understand his perspective on Islamic philosophy. The author employs interpretative and historical continuity methods in this research to grasp De Boer views on Islamic philosophy.
The result of this research is that De Boer perspective on Islamic philosophy can be classified into six scopes, including: the history of philosophy entering Islam, assimilation of philosophy in Islam, Arab knowledge, Aristotelian and Neo-Platonic figures in Islam, Muslim philosophers in the West, and the decline of philosophy in Islam. In examining Islamic philosophy, he does so using various Orientalist instruments, such as historical criticism and philology approaches, with connections to Christianization movements and binary opposition. These instruments lead to a biased view by De Boer, tending to marginalize Islamic philosophy, stating that it lacks noteworthy progress, lacks a tradition of philosophical thought, claims that the Islamic community originates from the Semitic race lacking rationality for philosophy, and presents Islamic philosophy as a mere imitation of Greek philosophy. The classification by De Boer facilitates anyone wishing to study Muslim philosophers from the Aristotelian and Neo-Platonist traditions
The Anglo-Boer War: An Indian Perspective
No full textThe Anglo-Boer War is conventionally seen as part of the history of southern Africa or of British imperialism. This essay offers an Indian perspective on the conflict, in particular as it was experienced and seen through the eyes of a young Indian lawyer. M.K. Gandhi, later renowned as a religious visionary, social critic, advocate of non-violence, and a powerful opponent of British imperialism in India, in the early months of the confltct organized and helped to lead an Indian ambulance corps in the service of the government. This was one of his earliest interventions in imperial politics, for which he was honoured with an imperial medal. Such an apparently surprising episode merits attention - for it sheds light on the position of Indians in southern Africa as well as on the development of Gandhi's own thinking on a number of critical issues
Taludbekleding van gezette steen. Stabiliteit van enkele typen taludbekledingen bij diverse golfomstandigheden: Band A, verslag kleinschalig modelonderzoek
No full textIn het verslag M 1795 deel I is een overzicht gegeven van het onderzoek naar stabiliteit van steenzettingen onder golfaanval. Het kleinschalige modelonderzoek, dat in dit verslag wordt beschreven, is daar een onderdeel van. Het onderzoek is deels in opdracht van de Deltadienst en deels in opdracht van het Centrum voor Onderzoek Waterkeringen uitgevoerd in het Waterloopkundig Laboratorium De Voorst van november 1982 tot mei 1983.Steenzettingen - TAW/EN
Zeetoegang IJmond: Planstudie Nieuwe zeesluis fase 1,Probleemanalyse & uitgangspunten, Milieutoets & MKBA - Rapport actualisatie vlootsamenstelling en capaciteitsmodel
No full textIn opdracht van Rijkswaterstaat heeft een simulatiestudie plaatsgevonden gericht op de toekomstige capaciteit van het sluizencomplex Zeetoegang IJmond tussen zee en het Amsterdam-Noordzeekanaalgebied. Hiertoe is een simulatiemodel gebruikt dat is ontwikkeld door PMSS (Port and Maritime Systems Simulation). Dit model is ontwikkeld ter beoordeling van de toegang tot de zeehavens in het Amsterdam-Noordzeekanaalgebied, waaronder het sluizencomplex IJmuiden. Dit model beslaat het gebied tussen de Kruispost en het zijkanaal C met het sluizencomplex bestaande uit de Noordersluis, de Middensluis en de Zuidersluis. De Kleine sluis is niet meegenomen. Ten behoeve van de capaciteitsberekeningen voor de toekomst is ook de Nieuwe Sluis in het model ingebouwd. In de capaciteitsstudie worden drie alternatieven voor het gebruik en 4 varianten voor de sluiskolkafmetingen onderzocht: - Nulalternatief: 1 op 1 vervanging van de Noordersluis (verwachte doorvoercapaciteit: 95 Miljoen ton / jaar) - Projectalternatief: Nieuwe zeesluis, Noordersluis buiten gebruik (verwachte doorvoercapaciteit 125 Miljoen ton per jaar) - Gevoeligheidsanalyse maximale capaciteit sluiscomplex: Nieuwe zeesluis, Noordersluis operationeel (gerenoveerd of vervangen) - Variant 1: 500 m lang, 65 m breed en NAP-18 m diep - Variant 2: 500 m lang, 70 m breed en NAP-17 m diep - Variant 3: 500 m lang, 60 m breed en NAP-18 m diep - Nulvariant: 400 m lang, 50 m breed en NAP-15 m diep. De gevoeligheidsanalyse optimale benutting havengebied en overslagcapaciteit met verwachte doorvoercapaciteit van ca. 140 miljoen ton per jaar is (nog) niet beschouwd. Het doel van deze studie is het toetsen of de opgestelde alternatieven en varianten met acceptabele wachttijden en bezettingsgraad van de sluis geaccommodeerd kunnen worden door het sluizencomplex. De relatie tussen wachttijd en capaciteit is ook van belang voor de MKBA. Daarnaast wordt het bijbehorende aantal te schuttingen onderzocht, opdat de milieueffecten bepaald kunnen worden.Sluis IJmuide
MicroRNA-497/195 is tumor suppressive and cooperates with CDKN2A/B in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
No full textWe previously identified an association of rapid engraftment of patient-derived leukemia cells transplanted into NOD/SCID mice with early relapse in B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (BCP-ALL). In a search for the cellular and molecular profiles associated with this phenotype, we investigated the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in different engraftment phenotypes and patient outcomes. We found high expression of miR-497 and miR-195 (hereafter miR-497/195) in patient-derived xenograft samples with slow engraftment derived from patients with favorable outcome. In contrast, epigenetic repression and low expression of these miRNAs was observed in rapidly engrafting samples associated with early relapse. Overexpression of miR-497/195 in patient-derived leukemia cells suppressed in vivo growth of leukemia and prolonged recipient survival. Conversely, inhibition of miR-497/195 led to increased leukemia cell growth. Key cell cycle regulators were downregulated upon miR-497/195 overexpression, and we identified cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4)– and cyclin-D3 (CCND3)–mediated control of G1/S transition as a principal mechanism for the suppression of BCP-ALL progression by miR-497/195. The critical role for miR-497/195–mediated cell cycle regulation was underscored by finding (in an additional independent series of patient samples) that high expression of miR-497/195 together with a full sequence for CDKN2A and CDKN2B (CDKN2A/B) was associated with excellent outcome, whereas deletion of CDKN2A/B together with low expression of miR-497/195 was associated with clearly inferior relapse-free survival. These findings point to the cooperative loss of cell cycle regulators as a new prognostic factor indicating possible therapeutic targets for pediatric BCP-ALL
Towards optimal therapy intensity in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia: The right dose for the right patient
No full textB-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) accounts for 25% of childhood cancer cases. Risk adapted treatment strategies have increased the 5-year survival rates from 0% in the 1960s to over 90% on recent trials. With the current high survival rates, possibilities for therapy reduction become an increasingly important topic. Although current trials do test de-escalation of several drugs, unconscious undertreatment might also be present. For further safe reduction of therapy, more knowledge is needed on how much therapy is needed to cure the disease and on biological factors associated with relapse. The aim of this thesis is to contribute to this knowledge by looking into several subgroup-specific challenges. The research presented in this thesis shows that besides response to the first chemotherapy courses, the biology of leukemic and germline cytogenetic aberrations can affect treatment outcome. The survival rate of children with ALL with an ETV6::RUNX1 translocation is around 97%. This high survival rate asks for studies how to reduce therapy in this group of patients. We show that in ETV6::RUNX1 ALL different dosage schemes and dose intensities can lead to similar outcomes suggesting possibilities for treatment de-escalation. However, for safe treatment reduction more knowledge on relapse in ETV6::RUNX1 ALL specifically is needed. Therefore, we investigated the effect of IKZF1 deletions, a known poor prognostic factor in B-ALL, and found that they do not affect prognosis in ETV6::RUNX1 ALL. To explore the genetic landscape of relapse in ETV6::RUNX1 ALL further, we generated single cell genome wide copy number data to make an overview of the spectrum of (sub)clonal and co-occurring copy number alterations in ETV6:RUNX1 ALL experiencing relapse. This was of value in detecting (sub)clonal gains and losses larger than 1Mb in size, as well as genomic duplication thereby elucidating heterogeneity in copy number aberrant clones and patterns of relapse evolution in ETV6::RUNX1 ALL. In contrast to ETV6::RUNX1 ALL, we found that when treating non-high risk ALL in patients with Down syndrome, due to differences in drug metabolism and resulting prescription behavior, unintentional treatment reduction might occur in this patient group. Differences in prescription behavior were also found in our study exploring the effect of socio-economic position on maintenance therapy. Although adherence to maintenance drugs did not differ, children in families with short parental education or unemployed parents were prescribed lower doses of maintenance therapy drugs by their physicians. Therefore, one should be cautious when reducing treatment intensity in these specific patient groups to maintain an effective therapy. The great puzzle of safely reducing treatment to reduce side effects without endangering leukemia cure rates is unfortunately not yet solved. However, this thesis adds new insights needed to ultimately give all pediatric patients with B-ALL optimal treatment and an optimal quality of life
Anglo-Boer War as Perceived by Leo Tolstoy
No full textПоступила в редакцию: 04.12.2023. Принята к печати: 28.04.2025.Submitted: 04.12.2023. Accepted: 28.04.2025.Англо-бурская война 1899–1902 гг. вызвала необычайно сильный отклик среди представителей всех социальных групп в Российской империи. Они активно обсуждали этические вопросы, связанные с этим вооруженным конфликтом. Причины ажиотажа в России вокруг, казалось бы, далекой южноафриканской войны еще предстоит выяснить. Показательны в этом смысле взгляды Л. Н. Толстого, одного из влиятельнейших русских литераторов и мыслителей рубежа XIX–XX вв. До последних лет жизни он осмыслял опыт Англо-бурской войны при разработке своего учения о непротивлении злу насилием, а его последователи развивали эти идеи в своих публикациях. Осуждая обе противоборствующие стороны за то, что они прибегли к насилию для разрешения своих противоречий, Толстой в личном общении не скрывал симпатии к защитникам бурских республик. Расхождения между его публичными и непубличными высказываниями стали достоянием общественности. По мере перехода республиканских вооруженных формирований к партизанским действиям, Толстой, несмотря на свое неприятие военных методов, заявлял в своих публицистических работах о своей поддержке буров как стороны, продемонстрировавшей моральное превосходство над захватчиками. Он рассматривал южноафриканский конфликт в глобальном контексте, как типичную войну новой эпохи. Такие конфликты характеризовались аморальными целями и методами ведения боевых действий, а также неучастием в сражениях тех, ради кого они велись (крупных инвесторов, манипулирующих государством). Толстой и его единомышленники считали, что аморальность южноафриканской войны и других вооруженных конфликтов того времени свидетельствовала о духовном кризисе европейских держав, который должен был привести к их ослаблению и социальным потрясениям. Чтобы избежать трагедии, российскому народу, по мнению Толстого, следовало извлечь уроки из Англо-бурской войны.The Anglo-Boer War of 1899–1902 prompted an unusually robust response from representatives of all social groups in the Russian Empire. A discussion was held concerning the ethical implications of the armed conflict. The reasons for Russia’s enthusiasm regarding the South African war, which appears to be a distant one, are yet to be revealed. The views of Leo Tolstoy, one of the most influential Russian writers and thinkers of the turn of the twentieth century, are indicative in this sense. Until the last years of his life, Tolstoy drew on the experience of the Anglo-Boer War and used South African material to perfect his doctrine of non-violent resistance to evil. Meanwhile, his followers developed his ideas in their publications. Tolstoy condemned both sides for resorting to violence in their attempts to resolve their differences. However, he was known to express his sympathy for the defenders of the Boer Republics in private conversations. The discrepancies between his public and nonpublic statements were revealed to the community. As the Republican militias shifted to guerrilla warfare, Tolstoy, despite his disapproval of military tactics, expressed his support for the Boers in his journalistic writings, recognizing their moral superiority over the invaders. He viewed the South African conflict in a global context, as a typical new age war. Conflicts of this nature were marked by unethical objectives and methods of warfare, as well as by the non-participation of the parties for whom they were fought (i.e., major investors manipulating the state). Tolstoy and his associates believed that the immorality of the South African war and other armed conflicts of the time signaled a spiritual crisis of the European powers, which was to lead to their weakening and social upheaval. According to Tolstoy, the Russian people should have learned from the Anglo-Boer War to avoid tragedy.Автор благодарит за предоставление материалов и помощь в работе над статьей О. В. Гладун, хранителя мемориальной библиотеки Дома Л. Н. Толстого, и других сотрудников Государственного мемориального и природного заповедника «Музей-усадьба Л. Н. Толстого “Ясная Поляна”», а также д-ра Б. Хеллмана, сотрудника Хельсинкского университета.The author appreciates the generous assistance of O. V. Gladun, curator of the memorial library of the Leo Tolstoy House, and other employees of the L. N. Tolstoy National Museum and Nature Reserve Yasnaya Polyana, as well as of Dr. B. Hellman, University of Helsinki
The Johannine Literature in a Greek Context
No full textThis chapter focuses on the scholarly debate in the twentieth century about the relationship between John’s Gospel and Greek philosophy. Initially, attention is drawn to the link, which characterises the discussion in the first part of the century, between the dating of the Fourth Gospel and its ideological worldview. Next, it turns toward the alleged inspiration from Jewish Wisdom traditions in the composition of the Prologue and demonstrates how scholars’ references to Wisdom have served the most diverse—and even opposing—purposes: to ward of philosophical speculation, to replace Jewish mythology and apocalypticism by Greek rationality, to illustrate the Prologue’s Middle Platonism, and to introduce Stoicism into John’s thinking. Finally, it demonstrates how readings of the Prologue in light of Aristotle’s theory of epigenesis have displaced the focus from the logos to the pneuma and thereby managed to extend the discussion about influence from Greek philosophy beyond the Prologue
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