1,720,977 research outputs found
Préformation et épigénèse
No full textSelon le dictionnaire Le Robert, la préformation est « une des deux théories biologiques en lutte aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, selon laquelle l’organisme vivant est complètement constitué dans le germe ». Son opposé est l’épigenèse, « théorie selon laquelle un embryon se développe par différenciations successives de parties nouvelles ». Ce sont des définitions actuelles, qui donnent à ces deux termes un sens tranché, à savoir celui que l’on utilise couramment dans l’enseignement des sciences biomédicales. Leur précision occulte cependant l’existence d’une controverse longue de bien plus que deux siècles, qui a vu s’affronter des principes philosophiques et religieux, puis des conceptions et des observations scientifiques en un débat finalement sans vainqueur véritable, du moins avant le milieu du XIXe siècle qui consacrera l’épigenèse dans sa définition actuelle. L’analyse de l’intrication de ces différentes approches du problème de la reproduction est un exemple de la place des représentations dans la construction d’un savoir scientifique
Politique routière et transition urbaine : le cas de l'aire toulousaine / Road Policy and Urban Transition : the case of the Toulouse urban area
No full textThe generalization of the use of the car has favoured the shift from a compact to a dispersed urban form, extending over a vast area. Marc Wiel refers to this as the urban transition. The aim of this article is to examine the relationships between this urban transition, the interactions between different actors and public policy in the Toulouse urban area (structuring of the city's transport networks, the development of public transport and spatial planning). Everything happened as if an 'implicit social contract governed by the use of the car" had structured the way in which the growth of Toulouse was managed by the public authorities. However, from the 1990s the limits of this development model appeared with the emergence ôf the notion of sustainable urban development.La généralisation de l'automobile a favorisé le passage d'une ville compacte à une ville dispersée, qui s'étend sur une vaste région urbaine. Cest ce que Marc Wiel appelle la "transition urbaine". Le but de cet article est d'analyser les congruen-ces entre cette transition urbaine et les jeux d'acteurs/ l'action publique (structuration du réseau de voirie d'agglomération, développe-ment des transports en communs, planification spatiale) dans l'aire toulousaine. Tout se passe comme si un "contrat social implicite de régulation par la mobilité automobile" avait structuré la gestion de la croissance toulousaine par la puissance publique. Mais à partir des années 1990, les limites de ce modèle de développement apparaissent alors qu'émerge la notion de développement urbain durable. . .jourdan Gabriel. Politique routière et transition urbaine : le cas de l'aire toulousaine / Road Policy and Urban Transition : the case of the Toulouse urban area. In: Géocarrefour, vol. 77, n°1, 2002. Autoroutes, acteurs et dynamiques territoriales. pp. 85-94
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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