1,720,970 research outputs found
Temporal Behavioral Parameters of On-Going Gaze Encounters in a Virtual Environment
No full textTo navigate the social world, humans heavily rely on gaze for non-verbal communication as it conveys information in a highly dynamic and complex, yet concise manner: For instance, humans utilize gaze effortlessly to direct and infer the attention of a possible interaction partner. Many traditional paradigms in social gaze research though rely on static ways of assessing gaze interaction, e.g., by using images or prerecorded videos as stimulus material. Emerging gaze contingent paradigms, in which algorithmically controlled virtual characters can respond flexibly to the gaze behavior of humans, provide high ecological validity. Ideally, these are based on models of human behavior which allow for precise, parameterized characterization of behavior, and should include variable interactive settings and different communicative states of the interacting agents. The present study provides a complete definition and empirical description of a behavioral parameter space of human gaze behavior in extended gaze encounters. To this end, we (i) modeled a shared 2D virtual environment on a computer screen in which a human could interact via gaze with an agent and simultaneously presented objects to create instances of joint attention and (ii) determined quantitatively the free model parameters (temporal and probabilistic) of behavior within this environment to provide a first complete, detailed description of the behavioral parameter space governing joint attention. This knowledge is essential to enable the modeling of interacting agents with a high degree of ecological validity, be it for cognitive studies or applications in human-robot interaction
Impaired recognition of interactive intentions in adults with autism spectrum disorder not attributable to differences in visual attention or coordination via eye contact and joint attention
No full textAltered nonverbal communication patterns especially with regard to gaze interactions are commonlyreported for persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study we investigate anddifferentiate for the first time the interplay of attention allocation, the establishment of shared focus(eye contact and joint attention) and the recognition of intentions in gaze interactions in adults withASD compared to control persons. Participants interacted via gaze with a virtual character (VC), whothey believed was controlled by another person. Participants were instructed to ascertain whethertheir partner was trying to interact with them. In fact, the VC was fully algorithm-controlled andshowed either interactive or non-interactive gaze behavior. Participants with ASD were specificallyimpaired in ascertaining whether their partner was trying to interact with them or not as comparedto participants without ASD whereas neither the allocation of attention nor the ability to establish ashared focus were affected. Thus, perception and production of gaze cues seem preserved while theevaluation of gaze cues appeared to be impaired. An additional exploratory analysis suggests thatespecially the interpretation of contingencies between the interactants’ actions are altered in ASD andshould be investigated more closely
The Ascription of Intentions in Gaze-Contingent Social Encounters
Full text linkObserving the gaze of others not only helps us understand their motives and intentions but also to engage in interactions with them. Therefore, one of the most important assessments we have to do when observing someone’s gaze is whether their gaze behavior is meant as a signal to us. For persons with difficulties in understanding and interpreting the intentions of others, as is the case in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), this situation can be especially challenging.
This thesis addressed the problem of how we are able to interpret and understand the gaze behavior of others in order to communicate successfully. As a first step, it examines which kinds of inferences regarding the general intentions of another person are possible from the passive observation of gaze behavior (study 1). Turning towards gaze interactions, it then outlined a theoretical concept and a taxonomy of social gaze, allowing for holistic considerations of ongoing gaze encounters (study 2). The practical implementation of this approach in form of the new agent interaction platform TriPy was presented in study 3. Subsequently, an investigation of the inference of communicative intentions in ongoing gaze interactions was performed (study 4). Study 5 then compared the performance of healthy participants with that of persons with ASD, finding that the latter especially have trouble in interactive situations. As an outlook to the future direction of social gaze investigations and their application in clinical contexts, study 6 introduced a new technical system for avatar-mediated communication between two persons combined with machine learning based data analysis.
Before these studies are presented in more detail, a theoretical background is provided by introducing central phenomena of social gaze as well as describing impairments in gaze communication in ASD. In addition, methodological requirements and challenges in the investigation of social gaze are elucidated. After presenting the individual studies, the results obtained in this thesis are integrated in a general discussion focusing on our understanding of social gaze, its clinical implications, as well as potential future directions in social gaze research
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
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