170 research outputs found
Posterior parietal cortex mediates fear renewal in a novel context
No full textThe return of fear following extinction therapy is an important issue associated with the treatment of many fear-related disorders. Fear renewal is a suitable model, with which context-dependent modulation of the fear response can be examined. In this model, any context outside of an extinction context (e.g., novel or familiar contexts) could evoke relapse of the fear response. However, brain regions associated with context-dependent modulation are not fully understood. The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is considered a center for integrating multisensory information and making decisions. To study its role in the contextual modulation of fear relapse, we reversibly inactivated the PPC in mice before they were exposed to various contexts after extinction training. When muscimol was infused into the PPC, fear renewal was impaired in a novel context, but not in a familiar context. Fear relapses were blocked during optogenetic inhibition of the PPC, only when animals were placed in a novel context. We propose that the neural activity of the PPC is necessary for the relapse of a precise response to an extinguished conditioned stimulus in a novel context. © 2020 The Author(s).1
맥락 변화에 따른 공포 기억을 조절하는 후두정피질-전측대상회피질 회로 연구
No full textPosterior parietal cortex;anterior cingulate cortex;fear renewal;context;parvalbumin neuron;post-traumatic stress disorderThe ability to process contextual stimuli for rapid adaptation to novel circumstances is funda- mental for survival. However, maladaptive information processing can lead to various fear-related disorders. While previous studies have emphasized the importance of cortical pathways in context- dependent fear responses, the precise relationship between novel contextual stimuli and fear reac- tions within cortical networks remains incompletely understood. In this study, I demonstrated that neural activity in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) plays a crucial role in the relapse of conditioned fear responses to an extinguished stimulus in a novel context. Fear relapses were blocked when the PPC was inhibited, particularly in a novel context, but not in a familiar context. Next, I identified the functional output region of the PPC, revealing that the connection between the PPC and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) regulates extinguished fear responses in a novel context. Enhanced calcium activity was observed in ACC neurons receiving PPC projections (PPC-ACC) during fear renewal in a novel context, and increased synaptic activity was examined in PPC-ACC neurons projecting to the basolateral amygdala (BLA) upon fear renewal in a novel context. Moreover, PPC neurons projecting to parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons in the ACC (PPC-ACCPV) con- trolled the relapse of fear memory in a novel context. Furthermore, chronic fluoxetine administra- tions, used in treating fear-related disorders including post-traumatic stress disorders, successfully blocked optogenetically induced high levels of fear response in PPC-ACCPV neurons. In summary, this study deepens our understanding of the neural mechanisms within the PPC-ACC pathway that modulate fear memory relapse in a novel context, contributing to the broader knowledge of fear memory regulation and its implications for managing fear-related disorders. Keywords: Posterior parietal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, fear renewal, context, parvalbumin neuron, post-traumatic stress disorder|맥락 정보를 처리하여 새로운 환경에 빠르게 적응하는 능력은 생존에 필수적이다. 하지만 정보 처리가 잘 이루어지지 않으면 공포와 관련된 다양한 질병을 유발할 수 있다. 이전 연구에서는 맥락 의존적인 공포반응이 일어날 때 대뇌피질 회로의 중요성이 강조되어왔으나, 피질 네트워크 안에서 새로운 맥락 정보와 공포 행동 사이의 정확한 관계는 아직 완전히 밝혀지지 않았다. 본 연구에서는, 후두정피질의 신경 활성이 새로운 환경에서 어떻게 소거된 자극이 조건화된 공포반응을 재발을 매개하는지 밝히고자 한다. 후두정피질을 억제하면 새로운 환경에서의 공포 재발이 차단되었으나, 익숙한 환경에서의 공포재발에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 또한 후두정피질의 기능적인 출력 영역을 찾아내어 후두정피질과 전측대상회피질 간의 연결이 새로운 환경에서 소거되었던 공포 반응을 조절한다는 것을 밝혔다. 새로운 환경에서 공포 재발 시 후두정피질과 연결된 전측대상회피질 뉴런의 칼슘 신호가 증가하였고, 후두정피질-전측대상회피질 뉴런과 편도체로 신호를 보내는 전측대상회피질 뉴런사이의 시냅스 활성도 새로운 환경에서 공포재발 후 높아졌다. 더불어, 후두정피질의 신호를 받는 전측대상회피질 뉴런 중 파브알부민을 발현하는 억제성 뉴런이 새로운 환경에서의 공포기억 재발을 매개한다는 것을 밝혔다. 더욱이, 외상 후 스트레스 장애를 비롯한 공포와 관련된 질병의 치료에 사용하는 플루옥세틴의 장기투여가 광유전학에 의해 유도된 증가된 공포 반응을 효과적으로 약화시켰다. 요약하면, 본 연구는 후두정피질-전측대상회피질 회로가 새로운 환경에서 공포 기억 재발을 조절하는 신경 매커니즘을 규명함으로써, 공포 기억의 조절과 이와 관련된 병리적 현상의 이해를 확장하는데 기여한다.
핵심어: 후두정피질, 전측대상회피질, 공포 재발, 맥락, 파브알부민 뉴런, 외상 후 스트레스 장애Ⅰ. Introduction 1
1.1 Background and significance 1
1.2 Posterior parietal cortex 2
1.3 Medial prefrontal cortex 4
1.4 Rationale 6
1.5 Research objectives and hypotheses 7
1.5.1 Primary Objective · 7
1.5.2 Investigating the role of the PPC in fear memory 8
1.5.3 Identifying the functional connectivity of the PPC 8
1.5.4 Understanding the neural mechanism of the PPC-ACC pathway 8
1.6 Conclusion 9
Ⅱ. Materials & Methods 10
2.1 Animals 10
2.2 Stereotaxic surgeries 10
2.3 Behavioral assays 11
2.3.1 Fear conditioning apparatus 11
2.3.2 Fear behavioral procedure 12
2.3.3 Open maze apparatus 12
2.3.4 Open field 13
2.3.5 Y-maze 13
2.3.6 Novel object recognition 13
2.4 Optogenetics 13
2.5 Drug treatment 14
2.5.1 Muscimol 14
2.5.2 Fluoxetine 14
2.6 Fiber photometry 14
2.7 Slice electrophysiology 15
2.8 Histology 16
2.9 Statistical analysis 17
Ⅲ. Results 21
3 Investigating the role of the PPC in fear memory 21
3.1 Validation of fear renewal model 21
3.2 Pharmacological inactivation of the PPC in various contextual situations 25
3.2.1 Fear renewal in a novel context (ABC renewal) 25
3.2.2 Fear renewal in a familiar context (ABA renewal) 29
3.2.3 Extinction retrieval 32
3.2.4 Fear reinstatement 35
3.2.5 Fear retrieval in a novel context 38
3.3 Optogenetic manipulation of the PPC in various contextual situations 41
3.3.1 ABC renewal 41
3.3.2 ABA renewal 45
3.3.3 Fear conditioning 48
3.3.4 Extinction 48
3.3.5 Extinction retrieval 52
3.3.6 Differential activation of PPC cells in response to behavioral contexts 55
4 Identifying the functional connectivity of the PPC 57
4.1 Parietal-frontal circuit on ABC renewal 57
4.2 Parallel pathways in context-dependent fear renewal 63
4.3 Physiological properties of ACC-projecting PPC neurons after behaviors 66
5 Understanding the neural mechanism of the PPC-ACC pathway 69
5.1 In vivo calcium dynamics of PPC-ACC neurons 69
5.2 Histology for PPC-ACC projection profile 72
5.3 PPC-driven synaptic activity in BLA-projecting ACC neurons 75
5.4 Optogenetic manipulation of PPC-ACC subpopulations 82
5.5 Attenuation of fear relapse by SSRI treatment 88
5.6 The impact of fluoxetine administration on general mouse behaviors 92
Ⅳ. Discussion 96
Discussion 96
Ⅴ. References 101
References 101
Abstracts in Korean 110DoctordCollectio
Development of the Ajaeng Concerto and Its Musical Characteristics
No full text학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :음악대학 음악과,2020. 2. 양경숙.Ajaeng is an instrument played for court music ensemble. Since the mid 1930s, along with the instrument redesign, Ajaeng has become more popular in other genres and forms of music. Especially, since the piece written by Kangduk Lee was released in 1968, Ajaeng concertos have mainly been Sanjo concertos for about 30 years. It was not until in the 2000s that Ajaeng concertos began including more diverse repertoires.
Recently, more concertos for Ajaeng solo are consistently released through ARKO contemporary music competition, which shows that the Ajaeng concerto has become a prominent repertoire in music performance fields. Therefore, this author deemed necessary for an academic approach to the Ajaeng concerto and analyzed its musical characteristics. The author also studied the relationship between the orchestra and Ajaeng as a solo as well as the Ajaeng concertos musical development over time. This article studies the Ajaeng concertos musical development chronically by examining in three phases.
The first phase is the early formation of the Ajaeng concerto, where the concerto form from the western music was applied but the most musical elements were of Korean traditional music. The concertos mainly included the unison melodies played by both Ajaeng solo and the orchestra as an ensemble, emphasizing a sense of uniformity, which shows similarity to the Korean traditional music ensemble form.
The second phase is when numerous Ajaeng concertos were written. This author noticed a trend that the composers would merge both traditional and non-traditional musical elements in an attempt to express the theme melodies. Also, an interactive relationship between the Ajaeng solo and the orchestra can be observed as they support the theme melody by playing the harmony and the rhythm.
The third phase can be viewed as an experimental time for Ajaeng concertos with diverse tone changes. Various non-traditional music techniques were used to highlight contemporary sound. During this phase, Sanjo Ajaeng was preferred and some composers showed their intention to preserve traditions by using elements from folk songs and court music. Meanwhile, Ajaeng solo was written to play contrasting melodies from the orchestra to accentuate musical characteristics, which illustrated melodic expression effectively.
This author observed that the Ajaeng concerto has shown different characteristics during each phase as well as an interactive relationship between the orchestra and Ajaeng as a solo instrument. Based on these findings, the author hopes to contribute to diversifying the Ajaeng concertos and to provide a foundation for more Ajaeng concertos that will reflect the unique features of Ajaeng.아쟁은 궁중음악 합주에서 연주되던 악기로 1930년대 중반부터 악기 개량과 더불어 그 연주의 장르 및 형태를 확장해 나가고 있다. 특히 아쟁협주곡은 1968년 이강덕 작곡의 를 시작으로 이후 30여 년간 산조협주곡이 주를 이루었으며 2000년대에 들어와 다양한 레퍼토리의 아쟁협주곡이 창작되었다.
최근에는 아쟁을 독주악기로 한 협주곡이 ARKO 창작음악제를 통해 꾸준히 발표되고 있으며 이는 협주로서의 아쟁 연주가 음악계에서 주요한 레퍼토리로 자리 잡게 되었다는 점을 반증한다. 따라서 아쟁협주곡에 대한 학문적 접근이 필요하며 아쟁협주곡의 음악적 특징 및 독주아쟁과 관현악의 상호관계 분석을 통해 시대에 따른 전개양상에 대해 분석하였다.
본고에서는 총 3시기로 구분하여 아쟁협주곡의 변화양상을 통시적으로 살펴보았다.
제1기는 아쟁협주곡의 형성 초기로 협주곡이라는 서양음악의 형식을 차용하였지만 내용적으로는 전통음악 중심의 음악적 특징을 가지고 있었다. 독주아쟁과 관현악이 동일한 선율을 합주 형태로 연주하는 양상이 주를 이루었고 작품의 통일감을 강조하여 전통관현합주와 유사한 양상을 나타냈다.
제2기는 아쟁협주곡이 다작되는 시기로 작곡가가 작품에서 표현하고자 하는 주제선율을 효과적으로 드러내기 위해 전통적 요소와 비전통적 요소들을 혼용하는 경향을 보였다. 이와 더불어 작품의 주제선율이 부각되도록 독주아쟁과 관현악이 화음 및 리듬으로 보조하는 상호관계가 두드러지게 나타났다.
제3기는 아쟁협주곡이 다양한 음색 변화를 시도하는 시기로 현대적인 음향을 강조하기 위한 다양한 비전통적인 주법들을 사용하는 모습이 나타났다. 산조아쟁을 위한 작품이 더욱 선호되고 있으며 민속악과 정악의 시김새를 활용하는 등 전통을 고수하고자 하는 경향을 보이기도 했다. 한편 독주아쟁의 이러한 음악적 특징이 강조될 수 있도록 관현악은 독주아쟁과 상이한 선율을 연주함으로써 효과적으로 선율을 배치하였다.
이와 같이 아쟁협주곡은 시대마다 조금씩 상이한 특징이 나타났고 독주아쟁과 관현악도 밀접한 관계를 맺고 있음을 확인하였다. 이를 토대로 본 연구가 아쟁협주곡의 다양화에 기여하고 아쟁의 특성이 더욱 부각되는 작품이 발표될 수 있는 기반을 마련하는 기초작업으로 활용되길 희망한다.I. 서론 1
1. 문제제기 및 연구목적 1
2. 선행연구검토 5
3. 연구범위 및 방법 10
II. 제1기 아쟁협주곡의 태동기 19
1. 제1기 아쟁협주곡의 전개양상 19
2. 이강덕 作 25
3. 김희조 作 48
4. 소결 66
III. 제2기 아쟁협주곡의 성장기 70
1. 제2기 아쟁협주곡의 전개양상 70
2. 김만석 作 77
3. 조원행 作 96
4. 소결 116
IV. 제3기 아쟁협주곡의 실험기 120
1. 제3기 아쟁협주곡의 전개양상 120
2. 이귀숙 作 124
3. 박병오 作 146
4. 소결 169
V. 결론 174
참고문헌 177
부 록 183
Abstract 220Docto
ALWPs Improve Cognitive Function and Regulate A beta Plaque and Tau Hyperphosphorylation in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease
No full textRecently, we reported that ALWPs, which we developed by combining Liuwei Dihuang pills (LWPs) with antler, regulate the LPS-induced neuroinflammatory response and rescue LPS-induced short- and long-term memory impairment in wild-type (WT) mice. In the present study, we examined the effects of ALWPs on Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology and cognitive function in WT mice as well as 5x FAD mice (a mouse model of AD). We found that administration of ALWPs significantly reduced amyloid plaque levels in 5x FAD mice and significantly decreased amyloid β (Aβ) levels in amyloid precursor protein (APP)-overexpressing H4 cells. In addition, ALWPs administration significantly suppressed tau hyperphosphorylation in 5x FAD mice. Oral administration of ALWPs significantly improved long-term memory in scopolamine (SCO)-injected WT mice and 5x FAD mice by altering dendritic spine density. Importantly, ALWPs promoted spinogenesis in primary hippocampal neurons and WT mice and modulated the dendritic spine number in an extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)-dependent manner. Taken together, our results suggest that ALWPs are a candidate therapeutic drug for AD that can modulate amyloid plaque load, tau phosphorylation, and synaptic/cognitive function. © Copyright © 2019 Nam, Joo, Lee, Han, Ryu, Koh, Kim, Koo, We and Hoe.1
Tribuson – Prolegomenon
No full textČlanak je skica za sintezu jednog zanimljivog književnog opusa u kojoj autor nastoji povezati različite žanrovske i tipološke aspekte pisca Gorana Tribusona. Autor prikazuje sva bitna obilježja Tribusonova pripovjedačkog opusa. Isto tako, komparira Tribusonove kriminalističke
romane s romanima nekih skandinavskih pisaca i tvrdi da je Tribuson velik uspjeh postigao prije njih. Autor odaje priznanje neospornoj vještini pripovijedanja povezanoj s preciznim uočavanjem socijalnih i psiholoških obilježja likova.The paper is a sketch for the synthesis of an interesting literary opus. The author tries to connect various genres and typological aspects of writer Goran Tribuson. The author presents all the essential features of Tribuson’s narrative opus. He further compares Tribuson’s crime novels with novels of several Scandinavian writers, claiming that Tribuson had achieved great success even earlier than they did. The author pays respect to Tribuson’s undoubtedly skilled story-telling method linked with detailed observing of social and psychological features of the characters
En observationsstudie av barns gråtbeteende på daghem [Elektronisk resurs]
No full textGenom deltagande observation insamlades beskrivningar av gråtepisoder (80 episoder) bland 19 stycken 3-6-åringar under tre veckors tid på en daghemsavdelning. De vanligaste orsakerna till att barn började gråta var att de blivit slagna (bitna, rivna, knuffade etc) av något annat barn eller att de inte fått som de velat i någon typ av konfliktsituation. The author participated during three weeks at a day-care centre and noted 80 episodes with crying. The most common causes when crying were physical attacks by another child or losing in a conflict situation. </p
Parietal-Frontal Pathway Controls Relapse of Fear Memory in a Novel Context
No full textBackground: Fear responses significantly affect daily life and shape our approach to uncertainty. However, the potential resurgence of fear in unfamiliar situations poses a significant challenge to exposure-based therapies for maladaptive fear responses. Nonetheless, how novel contextual stimuli are associated with the relapse of extinguished fear remains unknown. Methods: Using a context-dependent fear renewal model, the functional circuits and underlying mechanisms of the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) were investigated using optogenetic, histological, in vivo, and ex vivo electrophysiological and pharmacological techniques. Results: We demonstrated that the PPC-to-ACC pathway governs fear relapse in a novel context. We observed enhanced populational calcium activity in the ACC neurons that received projections from the PPC and increased synaptic activity in the basolateral amygdala–projecting PPC-to-ACC neurons upon renewal in a novel context, where excitatory postsynaptic currents amplitudes increased but inhibitory postsynaptic current amplitudes decreased. In addition, we found that parvalbumin–expressing interneurons controlled novel context-dependent fear renewal, which was blocked by the chronic administration of fluoxetine. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the PPC-to-ACC pathway in mediating the relapse of extinguished fear in novel contexts, thereby contributing significant insights into the intricate neural mechanisms that govern fear renewal. © 2024 The AuthorsTRUEscopu
Disposal of toxic industrial waste
No full textNa temelju prirnjera izvedbe deponija za krute otrovne otpatke u Banjoj Luci autor opisuje uvjete i tehnička rješenja bitna za pravilno odlaganje krutog otrovnog otpada. Posebno ističe način projektiranja kojim se izbjegava kantakt deponiranog otpada sa zemljom i vodom čime se onemogućava onečišćenje prirode.On the basis of experience in constructing a landfill disposal site for toxic and hazardous waste in the town of Banja Luka the author describes modern principles used in this work. A modern, properly engineered landfill disposal site should be designed so as to prevent any contact of the disposed material with the soil and underground water. The author stresses a need for careful consideration of numerous facts which if ignored may have a deleterious effect on man and environment
THE TONES OF A MOTHER TONGUE
No full textNa tragu ulomka iz eseja Tina Ujevića Oroz pred Endimnionom autor tematizira značaj materinskoga jezika uopće i posebno kajkavštine. Jezično-filozofijske poticaje nalazi u spisima Wilhelma von Humboldta, Johanna Gottfrieda Herdera, Johanna Lea Weisgerbera i Hans-Georga Gadamera. Ističe se teza o povezanosti kajkavskih govora s jezičnim iskonom, odnos glasa (tona) i značenja, bitna uloga slušanja, čitanja naglas i umijeća recitiranja za recepciju naročito kajkavskoga pjesništva.SUMMARY
Following a passage from Tin Ujević's essay “Oroz pred Endimnionom”, the author discusses the importance of a mother tongue in general, and especially the Kajkavian dialect. He finds the linguistic and philosophical encouragement for this in the papers of Wilhelm von Humboldt, Johann Gottfried Herder, Johann Leo Weisgerber and Hans-George Gadamer. The thesis on the correlation of Kajkavian tongues with linguistic origins is stressed, the relationship between tone and meaning, the essential role of listening, reading out loud and the art of reciting which is especially important for the reception of Kajkavian poetry
The Post–Communist Transition and Virtue in Business Ethics
No full textOvaj članak istražuje stvarnost postkomunističke tranzicije s obzirom na katoličku tradiciju. Nasljeđe totalitarne vladavine vrlo je duboko i ne smije biti zanemareno prilikom razmatranja mogućnosti tih zemalja. Autor navodi kako postoji bitna veza između moralnih vrlina i slobodnog društva s djelotvornom tržišnom ekonomijom. Ako relativistički pristup ostane dominantan u poslovanju i široj kulturi, ne možemo razumski očekivati poboljšanje u budućnosti.This article explores the reality of post–communist transition in view of the Catholic tradition. The legacy of totalitarian rule goes very deep and should not be overlooked when examining the prospects of these countries. The author argues that there is a vital connection between moral virtues and a free society with a functioning market economy. If the relativistic approach remains the dominant one in business and the wider culture, we cannot reasonably expect an improvement in the future
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