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Spring flora of Ljubljana as a tool for teaching botany in primary school
Full text linkIn spring, there are plenty of plants in Ljubljana, which are often more or less overlooked. Ljubljana is a town with many urbanized areas. It is necessary to be aware that plants also grow on less obvious places. They grow between paving, on dried compacted ground, on roofs, in the swamp, etc. Although, there are quite a few censuses of Ljubljana’s flora, there is a lack of detailed census of the spring flora. For these reasons, I decided to make a census of the spring flora within the ring road of Ljubljana. I focused only on flowering herbaceous plants. I started the census by picking out a few areas within the quadrant and listed the flowering species there. The quadrants were 1 km2 large. Together with the preliminary data, we collected 87 in spring species on 70 quadrants. The most common species were from the families: Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Asteraceae, Caryophyllaceae and Fabaceae. Hemikriptophytes and geophytes are most commonly found in Ljubljana.
With the census I got a better insight into diversity of spring plant species in the Ljubljana’s area. I made descriptions of the most common species. I also added a map of known prevalence in Ljubljana’s area to each of the described species. It is necessary to mention that we did not map all quadrants, so it is likely that some species are omitted.
Given the relatively large number of species listed, I have also proved that in the capital, which we think is not suited for the implementation of science days; there are many opportunities for teaching botany. In principle, teachers are reluctant to teach outside the classroom. I would like to use the census for the education of children. I created lists of quadrants and lesson plans for science day. In addition to the quadrant lists, I have selected a few more plants that I find suitable for achieving certain learning aims. I also added what we can show children on these plants. In my Master’s thesis, I focused on teaching botany at the subject level, that is, from the 6th grade to 9th grade. Botany is taught in 6th and 9th grade of primary school. Since, in the 6th grade, plants are the main topic, I have devoted a special chapter to plants suitable for teaching different plant organs. I hope I will encourage teachers to dedicate some of their time to teach outside of the classroom and enable students to have direct contact with nature
Floristika na raziskovalnih taborih študentov biologije
Full text linkThe article is a review of floristic results of the first 10 Student Biology Research Camps organized in the territory of Slovenia (1988-1998). The author\u27s view on the botanical and pedagogic objectives of floristic activities carried out within the Research Camps is presented. Methodological development of floristic work is also briefly sketched, while the most important results are presented in a table with the most outstanding records as well as with numerical scores of the mapping of vascular plants. Plans for the floristic work in the future are based on the critical evaluation and discussion of the results presented herewith.Članek predstavlja sumarni pregled rezultatov delovanja florističnih skupin na prvih 10 raziskovalnih taborih študentov biologije, organiziranih v Sloveniji (1988-1998). V uvodnem delu avtor razpravlja o pedagoških in strokovnih ciljih tovrstnega delovanja, nato je na kratko predstavljen razvoj delovnih metod na taborih, najpomembnejši rezultati pa so prikazani tabelarno s seznami pomembnih najdb in z numeričnimi rezultati kartiranja flore. Na podlagi ugotovitev so podane smernice za delo v prihodnje
Spread of Sporobolus neglectus and S. vaginiflorus (Poaceae) in Slovenia and neighbouring countries
No full textSystematic field sampling revealed that within 50 years since the first records in Slovenia, Sporobolus neglectus and S. vaginiflorus became widespread. They are two superficially similar N American annual grass species with cleistogamous spikelets and similar ecology that are confined to dry ruderal places in their European secondary range, especially along roads. The oldest records of naturalised populations of both species in Europe date back to the 1950s, when both were found for the first time in the Vipava valley (SW Slovenia). They spread slowly in the next decades to NE Italy, N Croatia, and S Austria until recently, when an explosive expansion has been observed along almost all the main roads in lowland and montane Slovenia. In addition to that, one or both of them have recently been recorded scattered in SE Europe (Hungary, Serbia, B&H, Montenegro) and W Europe (France, Switzerland). Sporobolus vaginiflorus is herein reported for the first time for Serbia, Herzegovina (in B&H), and Slavonia (in Croatia)
Kdaj je Buddleja davidii postala v Sloveniji invazivna?
Full text linkButterfly-bush (Buddleja davidii) is globally widespread invasive alien plant that originates in China. In Slovenia, a switch from benign naturalized plant to invasiveness occurred just recently, so in the last decade it has been spreading rapidly in the sense of geography and also forming viable competitively strong populations in (semi-)natural habitat types such as abandoned quarries, rocky slopes and river banks. In the article its spreading is presented with some older overlooked records and several new records that more than double our knowledge of the species’ distribution in Slovenia. These data strongly confirm that it can be recognized as invasive alien species also in Slovenia, owing to its successful spread to natural habitat types in several parts of the country in the last decade.Metuljnik (Buddleja davidii) je po vsem svetu razširjena invazivna rastlina, ki izvira s Kitajske. V Sloveniji je do prehoda iz neškodljive naturaliziranosti v invazivnost prišlo šele nedavno, tako da se v zadnjem desetletju vrsta intenzivno širi v geografskem smislu in na več mestih oblikuje konkurenčno močne populacije v (pol)naravnem okolju opuščenih kamnolomov, skalovja in obrečnih prodnatih bregov. V članku je predstavljeno njeno širjenje s starimi spregledanimi kot tudi številnimi novimi podatki, ki več kot podvojijo vednost o njen razširjenosti v Sloveniji. Podatki potrjujejo, da je tudi na območju Slovenije vrsta zanesljivo invazivna, saj se vsaj zadnje desetletje širi tudi na naravna rastišča na več koncih države
Rumex thyrsiflorus Fingerh., nova biljna vrsta za floru Hrvatske
Full text linkRumex thyrsiflorus has been recorded for the first time in the territory of Croatia. Several localities have been found around Varaždin (N Croatia). Its occurrence in this region can be explained by the expansion of its area of distribution from the central Europe towards the south. Superficially it is quite similar to R. acetosa from which it can be easily distinguished by its longer tap-root, narrower and longer leaf blades and denser inflorescence.Rumex thyrsiflorus has been recorded for the first time in the territory of Croatia. Several localities have been found around Varaždin (N Croatia). Its occurrence in this region can be explained by the expansion of its area of distribution from the central Europe towards the south. Superficially it is quite similar to R. acetosa from which it can be easily distinguished by its longer tap-root, narrower and longer leaf blades and denser inflorescence
Boris Kryštufek: Osnove varstvene biologije. Tehniška založba Slovenije, 1999. 155 str. 2900 sit.
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Velika kozja brada Tragopogon dubius Scop. (Asteraceae): potrditev dvomljivih navedb o uspevanju vrste v osrednji Sloveniji
Full text linkTragopogon dubius is a species native to SW Slovenia and with several dubious records in central and eastern parts of the country. Its locus classicus is in SW Slovenia at Senožeče, but there is a slight doubt about the type description as no herbarium material has been preserved. All records (and herbarium vouchers in University of Ljubljana’s (LJU) collection) of the species from continental Slovenia have been critically assessed, but none of them has proved to be reliable. Three new recently discovered records linked to the railways in central and E Slovenia are presented and discussed.Tragopogon dubius je v submediteranskem delu Slovenije avtohtona vrsta s peščico nezanesljivih navedb o njenem pojavljanju v osrednji in vzhodni Sloveniji. Njeno klasično nahajališče je pri Senožečah, a še vedno obstaja rahel dvom o ustreznosti imena, saj ni ohranjen Scopolijev herbarijski material. Vse starejše navedbe, skupaj s herbarijskim materialom v herbarijski zbirki Ljubljanske univerze (LJU), o pojavljanju vrste v kontinentalnem delu Slovenije so bile kritično pregledane in prav nobena izmed njih se ni pokazala kot zanesljiva. Dodane pa so tri nove nedavne najdbe ob železnici v osrednji in vzhodni Sloveniji
Nikolić, T, & J. Topić (ur.): Crvena knjiga vaskularne flore Hrvatske. Ministarstvo kulture, Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode, Zagreb, 2005. 693 pp. ISBN 953-7169-04-9
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Morphological variability of species of the genusAnacamptis Rich. (Orchidoideae, Orchidaceae) in the Balkan Peninsula and the Pannonian Plain
Full text linkPored rodova evropskih orhideja koji se odlikuju velikim stepenom diverzifikacije, kao i značajnim brojem novoopisanih vrsta, kao što su Ophrys ili Epipactis, rod Anacamptis je ostao poprilično zapostavljen u orhidološkim istraživanjima. Na predstavnicima ovog roda uglavnom su vršena molekularna istraživanja, u kojima je bio uključen i veći broj drugih rodova.Takođe, urađene su i opsežne studije, ali samo na pojedinim vrstama. Morfološka istraživanja su bila veoma retka i uz par uzuzetaka, ograničena na geografski mala područja i na jednu ili nekoliko morfološki sličnih vrsta. Analiza morfološke varijabilnosti ovolikog broja taksona roda Anacamptis na geografski relativno velikom području kakvo je Balkansko poluostrvo, kao i deo Panonske nizije koji se oslanja na njega, do sada nije bilo sprovedeno. Morfološkim analizama bili su podvrgnuti gotovo svi predstavnici ovog roda u rangu vrste i podvrste, a koji se javljaju na području kopnenog dela Balkanskog poluostrva, kao i južnog oboda Panonske nizije. Sprovedene su jednostrane i uporedne morfološke analize sa detaljnomobradom podataka metodama bazične, univarijantne i multivarijantne statistike. Do sada najvećim istraživanjem taksona roda Anacamptis, po broju obrađenih jedinki i području na kom je sprovedeno, bila je obuhvaćena 2001 jedinka iz 185 populacija. Analizirane su prirodne populacije, ali i materijal iz Herbarijuma BUNS. Ukupno je definisano 69 morfoloških karaktera, kvantitativnih i kvalitativnih, a među njima su traženi oni koji imaju potencijalno diferencijalni karakter između opisanih vrsta i infraspecijskih taksona. Analize su obuhvatile i interpopulacionu morfološku varijabilnost u okviru svakog taksona, a u cilju uočavanja postojanja određenih geografskih obrazaca njenih promena. Morfološki karakteri koji su se u sprovedenim analizama pokazali kao taksonomski informativni, iskorišćeni su za formiranje dihotomog ključa za determinaciju taksona roda Anacamptis prisutnih na istraživanom području. Analizama je utvrđen veliki broj karaktera koji su statistički značajno različiti između analiziranih populacija, podvrsta i vrsta. Većina karaktera je pokazala umerenu ili nisku varijabilnost, a u retkim slučajevima i povećanu. Karakteri cveta međusobno su statistički značajno korelisani,većina slabo do umereno, dok su oni na listićima kacige, kao i između labeluma i drugih delova cveta jako do izrazito jako povezani. Jedini takson koji nije pokazao nikakvu infraspecijsku diferencijaciju, a koji se odlikuje velikom unutari interpopulacionom varijabilnošću je A. pyramidalis. Iz istog razloga je pokazano kao neosnovano izdvajanje jedinki iz različitih delova njegovog areala u do sada opisane infraspecijske oblike. Potvrđena je niska morfološka varijabilnost uskorasprostranjene vrste A. boryi. Kod svih preostalih istraživanih taksona utvrđeno je postojanje određenih obrazaca geografske interpopulacione varijabilnosti i infraspecijske struktuiranosti.Populacije A. laxiflora subsp. laxiflora mogu se podeliti na jadranske i kontinentalne, pri čemu najzapadnije pokazuju i najmanje vrednosti analiziranih karaktera. A. coriophora subsp. fragrans se pokazala kao manje varijabilnom od tipske podvrste, ali je u okviru nje kao zaseban takson izdvojen var. hermae kao fenološki, ekološki i morfološki odvojen u odnosu na ostaleispitivane populacije. Tipska podvrsta pokazuje obrazac variranja ukupne morfološke varijabilnosti u pravcu zapad-istok. Kao karakteri koji su najznačajniji za diferencijaciju podvrsta vrste A. palustris izdvojeni su dužina i širina brakteje, stepen diferenciranosti labeluma na režnjeve, kao i dubina sinusa koja ih razdvaja. Populacije A. palustris subsp. elegans moguće je podeliti na tri geografski i morfološki definisane grupe – istočnobalkansku, zapadnobalkansku i periferne populacije sa severa Srbije i iz Slovenije. Kao diferencijalni karakteri između taksona sekcije Laxiflorae pokazali su se odnos između dužine plodnika i brakteje, kao i dužina srednjeg režnja labeluma. Vrsta A. morio je po prvi put jasno morfološki i arealno podeljena na dve podvrste na istraživanom području. Podvrste pokazuju velika preklapanja vrednosti morfoloških karaktera, ali se obe odlikuju specifičnim karakteristikama cveta, pre svega labeluma na osnovu kojih ih je moguće razlikovati. Definisani su areali podvrsta A.morio na istraživanom području – tipska podvrsta je prevashodno severnija i zapadnija, dok je subsp. caucasica južnija i istočnija. Prvu odlikuju krupniji cvetovi, bubrežastih labeluma sa srednjim režnjem koji ne prevazilazi značajno dužinu bočnih, dok je druga sa sitnijim cvetovima i snažno isturenim srednjim režnjem. Obe podvrste mogu se podeliti na grupe populacija sa jasno definisanim geografskim raspostranjenjem. Vrsta A. papilionacea je po prvi put morfološki istaživana na većem broju primeraka, a ne prostim poređenjem pojedinačnih primeraka iz različitih delova areala. Pokazana je morfološka diferenciranost na dve podvrste – tipsku i subsp. aegaea, koje se jasno morfološki razlikuju i zauzimaju različite delove areala vrste. U okviru subsp. papilionacea registrovan je klinalni raspored morfološke varijabilnosti u pravcu sever-jug. Registrovana su i tri hibrida, nova za područje pojedinih zemalja – A. × gennarii (Severna Makedonija),A. × parvifolia (Crna Gora) i A. × timbali (Srbija). Hibridi pokazuju generalnu morfološku intermedijarnost u odnosu na roditelje, ali se odlikuju i novim stanjima karaktera, nezabeleženim kod roditeljskih taksona. Slični obrasci morfološke varijabilnosti, kako na interpopulacionom nivou pojedinih vrsta, ali iizmeđu podvrsta svake istraživane vrste, pokazuju jasnu vezu između istraživanih taksona i još jednom opravdavaju njihovo zajedničko grupisanje u rod Anacamptis.Unlike the highly diversified and species-rich genera of European orchids, such as Ophrys or Epipactis, the genus Anacamptis has remained quite neglected in orchidological research. Representatives of this genus, together with many others genera, were investigated mainly by molecular methods. Also, extensive studies have been done, but only on specific species. Morphological studies were very rare, and with a few exceptions, limited to geographically small areas and one or more morphologically similar species. Analysis of the morphological variability of so many taxa of the genus Anacamptis, in a is, in a geographically relatively large area such as the Balkan Peninsula, as geographically relatively large area such as the Balkan Peninsula, as well as the southern part of the Pannonian Plain, has not been conducted so far. Morphological analyses were performed on almost all representatives of this genus,in the species and subspecies rank , occurring in the Balkan Peninsula mainland, as well as in the southern perimeter of the Pannonian Plain. Comparativemorphological analyses were conducted using the methods of basic, univariate and multivariate statistics.So far, the largest study of the genus nacamptis, by the number of processed individuals and the area in which it was conducted, included 2001 individuals from 185 populations. Natural populations and material from the BUNS Herbarium were analyzed. A total of 69 morphological characters, quantitative and qualitative, were defined, and those that have a potentially differential character among analyzed species and infraspecific taxa were selected. The analyzes also included interpopulation morphological variability within each taxon, to identify the existence of specific geographic patterns of its changes. The morphological characters that proved to be taxonomically informative, were used to form the dichotomous key for the determination of the genus Anacamptis members, presented in the study area. The analyzes identified a large number of characters that were statistically significantly different between the analyzed populations, subspecies, and species. Most of the characters showed moderate or low variability, and in rare cases increased variability. Flower’s characters were statistically significantly correlated with each other, most of them weakly to moderately, while those of the sepals and petals, as well as between the labellum and other parts of the flower, were very strongly correlated. The only taxon that has not shown any infraspecific differentiation (except A. boryi), and which is characterized by high intra- and interpopulation variability, is A. pyramidalis. For the same reason, it has been shown as unjustified to separate individuals from different parts of species range into infraspecific forms. The low morphological variability of the narrowly distributed A. boryi was confirmed. In all other taxa studied, the existence of certain patterns of geographical interpopulation variability and infraspecific structuring was detected. A. laxiflora subsp. laxiflora populations can be divided into two groups – Adriatic and Continental, with the lowest characters values measured among the westernmost populations. A. coriophora subsp. fragrans proved to be less variable than the type subspecies, but within it, a new variety (var. hermae) as phenological, ecological and morphologically distinct from other studied populations was described. The typesubspecies has a transition of morphological variability in a west-east direction. The characters that are the most important for differentiation of A. palustris subspecies are the bract length and width, the degree of labellum differentiation into lobes, and the depth of the sinuses that separate them. Populations of A. palustris subsp. elegans can be divided into three geographically and morphologically defined groups – Eastern Balkan, Western Balkan and peripheral populations from the North Serbia and Slovenia. Differential characters among the Laxiflorae section taxa are ration between the ovary length and bract length, as well as the labellum middle lobe length. For the first time, species A. morio is morphologically and geographically divided into two subspecies, in the study area. Analyzed subspecies have great overlapping values for many morphological characters, but both are characterized by specific flower’s characteristics, above all labellum shape. On this basis, it is possible to distinguish them. Areals of A. morio subspecies were defined – the type subspecies is predominantly northern and western,while subsp. caucasica is southern and eastern. The first is characterized by larger flowers, renal shape labellum with a median lobe that does not exceed significantly the length of the lateral ones, while the second subspecies has smaller flowers and strongly projecting the median lobe. Both subspecies can be divided into groups of populations that have clearly defined geographical distribution. For the first time, A. papilionacea was morphologically investigated on a larger number of specimens, unlike previous researches in which individual specimens from different parts of the range were simply compared. Morphological differentiation into two subspecies was shown – type and subsp. aegaea. They are morphologically distinct and occupy different parts of the species range. Within the subsp. papilionacea a clinal distribution of morphological variability in the north-south direction was recorded. Three taxa of hybrid origin, new for the area of North Macedonia (A. × gennarii), Montenegro (A. × parvifolia) and Serbia (A. × timbali) were registered. Hybrids exhibit a general morphological intermediacy between parents but are also distinguished by new character states that were not observed in parental taxa. Similar patterns of morphological variability, both at the interpopulation level ofindividual species and between the subspecies of each species studied, show a clear relationship between the studied taxa and once again justify their grouping into the genus Anacamptis
Jože Papež (ur.): Panovec. Mestna občina Nova Gorica, Zavod za gozdove Slovenije, Območna enota Tolmin. 199 str.
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