2,741 research outputs found
A concise gram-scale synthesis of ht-13-A via a rhodium-catalyzed intramolecular C-H activation reaction
No full textThe enantioselective total synthesis of the 3,4-fused indole alkaloid ht-13-A has been achieved. The synthesis features a zinc-mediated propargylation, a rhodium-catalyzed intramolecular C-H activation reaction, and a methylamine-mediated cyclization. This concise and efficient synthetic approach can be applied for the gram-scale synthesis of ht-13-A.National Natural Science Foundation of China [21372017, 21290183, 21572008]; State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products ChemistrySCI(E)[email protected]
Electrophysiological effects of 5-hydroxytryptamine on isolated human atrial myocytes, and the influence of chronic beta-adrenoceptor blockade
No full text<b>1.</b> 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) has been postulated to play a proarrhythmic role in the human atria via stimulation of 5-HT<sub>4</sub> receptors.
<b>2.</b> The aims of this study were to examine the effects of 5-HT on the L-type Ca<sup>2+</sup> current (<i>I</i><sub>CaL</sub>) action potential duration (APD), the effective refractory period (ERP) and arrhythmic activity in human atrial cells, and to assess the effects of prior treatment with β-adrenoceptor antagonists.
<b>3.</b> Isolated myocytes, from the right atrial appendage of 27 consenting patients undergoing cardiac surgery who were in sinus rhythm, were studied using the whole-cell perforated patch-clamp technique at 37ºC.
<b>4.</b> 5-HT (1 n-10 μM) caused a concentration-dependent increase in <i>I</i><sub>CaL</sub>, which was potentiated in cells from β-blocked (maximum response to 5-HT, E<sub>max</sub>=299±12% increase above control) compared to non-β-blocked patients (E<sub>max</sub>=220±6%, P<0.05), but with no change in either the potency (log EC<sub>50</sub>: -7.09±0.07 vs -7.26±0.06) or Hill coefficient (<i>n</i><sub>H</sub>: 1.5±0.6 vs 1.5±0.3) of the 5-HT concentration-response curve.
<b>5.</b> 5-HT (10 μM) produced a greater increase in the APD at 50% repolarisation (APD50) in cells from β-blocked patients (of 37±10 ms, i.e. 589±197%) vs non-β-blocked patients (of 10±4 ms, i.e. 157±54%; P<0.05). Both the APD<sub>90</sub> and the ERP were unaffected by 5-HT.
<b>6.</b> Arrhythmic activity was observed in response to 5-HT in five of 17 cells (29%) studied from β-blocked, compared to zero of 16 cells from the non-β-blocked patients (P<0.05).
<b>7.</b> In summary, the 5-HT-induced increase in calcium current was associated with a prolonged early plateau phase of repolarisation, but not late repolarisation or refractoriness, and the enhancement of these effects by chronic β-adrenoceptor blockade was associated with arrhythmic potential
Risk analysis of High-Temperature Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (HT-ATES)
No full textThe storage of heat in aquifers, also referred to as Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES), bears a high potential to bridge the seasonal gap between periods of highest thermal energy demand and supply. With storage temperatures higher than 50 °C, High-Temperature (HT) ATES is capable to facilitate the integration of (non-)renewable heat sources into complex energy systems. While the complexity of ATES technology is positively correlated to the required storage temperature, HT-ATES faces multidisciplinary challenges and risks impeding a rapid market uptake worldwide. Therefore, the aim of this study is to provide an overview and analysis of these risks of HT-ATES to facilitate global technology adoption. Risk are identified considering experiences of past HT-ATES projects and analyzed by ATES and geothermal energy experts. An online survey among 38 international experts revealed that technical risks are expected to be less critical than legal, social and organizational risks. This is confirmed by the lessons learned from past HT-ATES projects, where high heat recovery values were achieved, and technical feasibility was demonstrated. Although HT-ATES is less flexible than competing technologies such as pits or buffer tanks, the main problems encountered are attributed to a loss of the heat source and fluctuating or decreasing heating demands. Considering that a HT-ATES system has a lifetime of more than 30 years, it is crucial to develop energy concepts which take into account the conditions both for heat sources and heat sinks. Finally, a site-specific risk analysis for HT-ATES in the city of Hamburg revealed that some risks strongly depend on local boundary conditions. A project-specific risk management is therefore indispensable and should be addressed in future research and project developments.Accepted Author ManuscriptWater Resource
Improving identification of HT-ATES performance drivers and -barriers
No full textHigh temperature aquifer thermal energy storage (HT-ATES) can potentially solve the mismatch between heat supply and demand. It can provide a large scale seasonal heat storage solution. Thereby it enables an increase in full load hours of the base heat source, which can benefit project performance on both costs and emissions. However, the limited number of successful pilot projects indicates the technology has not escaped its state of infancy. There is a gap from concept to implementation, which is signified by the disagreement of experts on performance drivers and barriers of HT-ATES. This research aims to narrow the described knowledge gap, by improving identification of HT-ATES performance drivers and barriers. Thereby it strives to improve decision making of HT-ATES implementation, and further enhance future HT-ATES application in heating projects. The broad scope of research demands both a diagnostic and design-orientated approach, and fits seamlessly with a multi-criteria decision analysis. The analysis entails the stages of creating, evaluating, comparing and ranking of case-specific scenarios. Parametric variation changes the conditions for HT-ATES implementation across the scenarios. A simulation model is developed and connected to a groundwater model to apply the parametric variation, to create the different scenarios, and consequently to produce the quantitative information for further evaluation. During the stages of creating, evaluating, comparing and ranking, the methodology systematically produces new results on the opportunities and risks introduced by HT-ATES, and additionally on the HT-ATES performance drivers and barriers. The results show that HT-ATES enables the opportunity of improving project performance with respect to the internal rate of return and emissions. Groundwater impact remains the greatest risk, but it can be minimised with smart decision making. To support the decision maker and to overcome the risk of groundwater impact, the research proposes several performance-enhancing, non-explicit guidelines. The guidelines focus on realising an HT-ATES implementation, where project performance with respect to internal rate of return, emissions and groundwater impact are balanced. Thereby they explain the major HT-ATES performance drivers and barriers. The guidelines are summarised below. The decision maker is recommended to .. 1. .. minimise the uncertainty, through thorough subsurface characterization before implementation. Secondly, to focus on aquifers with a minimum depth of 200 [m] and a minimum hydraulic conductivity of 5 [m/d] 2. .. assure network return temperatures during peak demand are below expected storage temperatures 3. .. not consider project life-times exceeding 20 years 4. .. assure yearly maximum base source heat production is always lower than yearly consumer heat demand 5. .. to strive for a flat demand curve and apply peak-shaving, by means of, for example, variable heat prices Currently, the guidelines have the purpose of giving direction to the decision maker, but they will become more explicit once the methodology is improved, and the uncertainty and number of assumptions in the model is decreased.Electrical Engineering | Sustainable Energy Technolog
Transforming Ates To Ht-Ates, Insights From Dutch Pilot Project
No full textAquifer Thermal Energy Storage (ATES) systems combined with a heat pump save energy for space heating and cooling of buildings. In most countries the temperature of the stored heat is allowed up to 25-30°C. However, when heat is available at higher temperatures (e.g. waste heat, solar heat), it is more efficient to store higher temperatures because that improves heat pump performance or makes it unnecessary. Therefore, interest in HT-ATES development is growing. Next to developing new HT-ATES projects, there is also a large potential for additional energy savings by transforming ‘regular’ low-temperature LT-ATES systems to a HT-ATES. Such a transformation is tested for a greenhouse system in the Netherlands. This greenhouse has a LT-ATES system operational since 2012, and from 2015 onwards heat is stored in the warm well at temperatures up to 45°C. In this HT-ATES transformation pilot, water quality parameters are closely monitored as well as temperature distribution in the subsurface (using DTS). Together with the operators, the results from the ATES monitoring are used to continuously improve system performance. Numerical groundwater and heat flow simulations of actual and expected well pumping data are used to evaluate how well operation can be optimized. In this paper, the optimization using monitoring results and simulations is discussed as well as general and site specific lessons/conclusions for such transformations.Water Resource
Characterization of the 5-HT(7) receptor as a new therapeutic target for the treatment of pain
No full text[eng] The work showed in this Thesis has been part of the “5-HT7 and neuropathic pain” project in the pharmaceutical company Esteve. Thus, the aim of this Thesis was in line with the goal of the 5-HT7 project at Esteve, focused on drug discovery of 5-HT7 receptor ligands for the treatment of neuropathic pain.
Taking the advantage of a genetic approach (5-HT7 receptor knockout mice) and pharmacological tools (5-HT7 receptor ligands) we investigated at the preclinical level the role of 5-HT7 receptors in nociception and the therapeutic interest of 5-HT7 receptor ligands on pain treatment. The 5-HT7 receptor ligands used were SB-258719 and SB-269970 as 5- HT7 receptor antagonists, and AS-19, MSD-5a, E-55888 and E-57431 as 5-HT7 receptor agonists. E-55888 and E-57431 developed by Esteve were described for the first time and their binding profile and functionality (cAMP formation) were examined. In vivo behavioural studies were performed in mice and rats subjected to nociceptive, inflammatory, neurogenic or neuropathic pain conditions.
Our results showed that 5-HT7 receptors per se were not involved in the nociceptive response to a normally noxius stimulus, although when co-activated together with opioid receptors potentiated the opioidergic analgesic response in nociceptive pain conditions. Indeed, 5-HT7 receptor knockout and wild-type mice showed similar sensitivity to a noxious heat stimulus, and systemic administration of the 5-HT7 receptor agonist E-55888 or the 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB-258719 showed no effects on acute nociceptive pain using the tail flick test in mice. However, the 5-HT7 receptor agonist E-55888 enhanced the morphine-induced analgesia in this test and this potentiation was significantly reversed by the 5-HT7 receptor antagonist SB-258719.
On the other hand, we studied the role of 5-HT7 receptors in pain conditions involving central sensitization. We showed that the 5-HT7 receptor agonists AS-19, E-55888 and E-57431 inhibited capsaicin-induced mechanical hypersensitivity, nerve injury-induced mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity and reduced the phase II formalin-induced nociception. In contrast, a promotion of mechanical hypersensitivity after administration of the 5-HT7 receptor antagonists SB-258719 and SB-269970 was observed. This reduction of hypersensitivity by agonists and promotion of hypersensitivity by antagonists was reversed by antagonists and agonists, respectively. It is important to note that effectiveness of the treatment with 5-HT7 receptor agonists was not masked by non-specific motor effects, as no motor incoordination was found in the rota-rod test at the doses used and no tolerance to the effect was evidenced following repeated systemic administrations.
The antinociceptive effects exerted by systemic 5-HT7 receptor agonists seemed to be mediated by 5-HT7 receptors localized in the spinal cord. We found that intrathecal administration of the 5-HT7 receptor agonist E-57431 inhibited mechanical hypersensitivity secondary to capsaicin injection and nerve injury-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. In contrast, a pronociceptive effect was observed after local intraplantar injection of the selective 5-HT7 receptor agonist E-57431 in the capsaicin model. Thus, the antinociceptive role mediated by central 5-HT7 receptors seems to predominate over their pronociceptive role at the periphery, resulting in an overall analgesic effect when 5-HT7 receptor agonists are administered by a systemic route. In line with these spinal antinociceptive effects, we found an increased immunoreactivity of 5-HT7 receptors in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord in sciatic nerve-injured mice. This increased 5-HT7 receptor expression in the dorsal horn induced by nerve injury could represent a physiological, compensatory, protective spinal mechanism relevant to the control of nociception in neuropathic pain conditions.
We observed that 5-HT7 receptors co-localized with GABAergic neurons in the ipsilateral dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Therefore, we suggested that an indirect action through activation of 5-HT7 receptors localized on inhibitory interneurons may be responsible of the antinociceptive effects observed after administration of 5-HT7 receptor agonists.
Finally, using 5-HT7 receptor knockout mice, we demonstrated that the 5-HT7 receptor agonists AS-19, E-55888 and E-57431 exerted in vivo target specific effects on pain control. We observed that systemic administration of these 5-HT7 receptor agonists reduced phase II formalin-induced nociception in wild-type but not in 5-HT7 receptor knockout mice. Taken together, these data add a piece of knowledge to the role played by 5-HT7 receptors in the control of pain and point to a new potential use of 5-HT7 receptor agonists as promising drugs for the treatment of neuropathic pain.[cat] El treball mostrat en aquesta Tesi ha format part del projecte “5-HT7 i dolor neuropàtic” de l’empresa farmacèutica Esteve. Per tant, els objectius d’aquesta Tesi estan en línea amb l’objectiu del projecte 5-HT7 d’Esteve focalitzat en el descobriment de compostos amb afinitat pel receptor 5-HT7 pel tractament del dolor neuropàtic.
A partir de l’aproximació genètica amb l’ús de ratolins genoanul•lats pel receptor 5-HT7 i d’eines farmacològiques com compostos amb afinitat pel receptor 5-HT7, vàrem investigar a nivell preclínic el paper dels receptors 5-HT7 en el dolor i l’interès terapèutic dels lligands del receptor 5-HT7 en dolor. Entre els compostos utilitzats hi trobem el SB-258719 i el SB- 269970 com antagonistes pel receptor 5-HT7, i el AS-19, MSD-5a, E-55888 i el E-57431 com agonistes pel receptor 5-HT7. E-55888 i E-57431 van ser descrits per primera vegada i es va estudiar el seu perfil d’afinitat, selectivitat i funcionalitat. Es van realitzar estudis de comportament in vivo en ratolí i rata sotmesos a unes condicions de dolor nociceptiu, inflamatori, neurogènic i neuropàtic.
Els nostres resultats van mostrar que els receptors 5-HT7 per si mateixos no estaven implicats en la resposta a un estímul nociu, mentre que sí interaccionen amb el sistema opiodèrgic en condicions de dolor nociceptiu. Ratolins genoanul•lats pel receptor 5-HT7 van mostrar la mateixa sensibilitat enfront un estímul tèrmic nociu. L’administració sistèmica de l’agonista del receptor 5-HT7 E-55888 o l’antagonista del receptor 5-HT7 SB-258719 no van mostrar efecte en el dolor agut nociceptiu. En canvi, vàrem observar que els efectes antinociceptius de la morfina per via oral obtinguts en resposta a l’estímul tèrmic nociu del tail-flick, eren potenciats amb l’administració sistèmica conjunta de l’agonista del receptor 5-HT7 E-55888. Aquesta potenciació va ser revertida al mateix temps amb la coadministració de l’antagonista del receptor 5-HT7 SB-258719.
També vàrem estudiar el paper dels receptors 5-HT7 en condicions de dolor i sensibilització central. L’administració sistèmica d’agonistes selectius pel receptor 5-HT7 inhibia la hipersensibilitat mecànica induïda per capsaicina, la hipersensibilitat mecànica i tèrmica induïda per la lesió del nervi ciàtic, i el dolor induït per la fase II del model de la formalina. Això suggeria la implicació dels receptors 5-HT7 en condicions de sensibilització central. En canvi, es va observar una promoció de la hipersensibilitat mecànica amb els antagonistes del receptor 5-HT7. Tant els efectes dels agonistes i antagonistes del receptor 5-HT7 es van revertir amb la coadministració d’antagonistes i agonistes del receptor 5-HT7, respectivament. És important senyalar que les dosis amb eficàcia analgèsica dels agonistes del receptor 5-HT7 eren inferior a les dosis que produïen efectes adversos amb el test del rota-rod. A més, no es va observar tolerància de l’efecte analgèsic amb l’administració de dosis repetides de l’agonista del receptor 5-HT7 E-57431.
L’efecte analgèsic obtingut amb l’administració sistèmica dels agonistes pel receptor 5-HT7 semblava ser degut a l’activació de receptors 5-HT7 localitzats a nivell espinal. Vàrem trobar que l’administració intratecal de l’agonista del receptor 5-HT7 E-57431 inhibia la hipersensibilitat mecànica secundària a la injecció de capsaicina i la induïda per la lesió del nervi ciàtic. En canvi, es va observar un increment de la hipersensibilitat mecànica induïda per capsaicina amb la injecció local intraplantar de l’agonista del receptor 5-HT7 E-57431. En resum, l’efecte antinociceptiu obtingut a través de l’activació dels receptors 5-HT7 a nivell espinal sembla predominar respecte l’efecte pronociceptiu de la perifèria quan s’administra sistèmicament un agonista pel receptor 5-HT7. En línea amb l’efecte antinociceptiu observat a nivell espinal, vàrem trobar un increment de la immunoreactivitat dels receptors 5-HT7 de l’asta dorsal de la medul•la espinal en ratolins amb lesió del nervi ciàtic. Aquest increment en l’expressió del receptor 5-HT7 en l’asta dorsal induït per la lesió del nervi podria representar un mecanisme espinal fisiològic, compensatori i protector rellevant pel control de dolor en condicions de dolor neuropàtic.
Vàrem observar una col•localització dels receptors 5-HT7 en cèl•lules GABAèrgiques. En aquest sentit, l’activació dels receptors 5-HT7 col•localitzats en interneurones inhibitòries de l’asta dorsal de la medul•la espinal podria ser el mecanisme d’acció implicat en els efectes antinociceptius observats amb els agonistes del receptor 5-HT7.
Finalment, utilitzant ratolins genoanul•lats pel receptor 5-HT7, vàrem demostrar que els agonistes pel receptor 5-HT7 AS-19, E-55888 i E-57431 exercien efectes diana específics em el control de dolor. L’administració subcutània d’aquests agonistes pel receptor 5-HT7 reduïren la nocicepció induïda per formalina de la fase II en ratolins salvatges però no en ratolins genoanul•lats, suggerint una especificitat dels efectes obtinguts in vivo a través del receptor 5-HT7.
Aquest treball aporta un millor coneixement del paper del receptor 5-HT7 en el control del dolor i suggereix un nou potencial ús terapèutic dels agonistes pel receptor 5-HT7 com a fàrmacs prometedors pel tractament del dolor neuropàtic
Antireicheia chinensis Bulirsch & Magrini & Jia 2013, sp. nov.
No full textAntireicheia chinensis sp. nov. (Figs 1–6) Type locality. Southern China, Guangdong province, western of the Qixing, Heishiding nature reserve, 23°27.9′N 111°54.3′E, 190–260 m a.s.l. Type material. HOLOTYPE: J, CHINA: GUANGDONG: ‘ CHINA: Guangdong prov. / [MF16]; W of Qixing, 1–3.v. / 2011; Heishiding nat. res. / 23°27.9′N 111°54.3′E, 190– / 260m / Fikáček & Hájek lgt. // sifting of moist leaf litter in / the dried-up streambeds / and along the streams in / the primary lowland forest’ (NMPC). PARATYPES: 2 spec. with the same label data as holotype (1 J SYSU, 1 ♀ PBPC). Description. Habitus as in Fig.1. Colour rusty brown, antennae and mouth-parts yellowish; length 2.10–2.15 mm (HT 2.15 mm, n = 3). Head. Rather broad, neck broad; anterior margin of clypeus between moderately protruding, blunt lateral lobes rather slightly emarginated; impressions of clypeus oblique, broad and deep, longitudinal carina short and thin. Genal posterior angles shortly rounded; moderately vaulted supraantennal plates separated from genae by rather deep and broad furrow; carina of prolonged supraantennal plates blunt. Remnant of eye discernable as small, strongly protruded, unfacetted field in anterolateral margin of long, moderately vaulted genae, surrounded by irregular ring of dark pigment. Vertex distinctly, regularly reticulated. Antennae with antennomere 2 as long as 3 and 4 combined, antennomeres 6–10 moniliform. Pronotum. Moderately convex, shiny, reticulation irregular, indistinct; slightly vaulted in lateral view, outline between lateral pores very slightly rounded, not attenuated anteriorly; 0.97–1.01 (HT 1.01) times as long as wide, 1.43–1.44 (HT 1.43) times as wide as head; widest below midlength. Reflexed lateral margin entire, extended from obtuse, not protruded anterior angles to base, distinct in basal part, lateral channel deep below flange. Median line distinctly impressed, disappearing just before basal furrow, anterior transverse impression irregular, just recognisable. Basal part (flange) very small, slightly produced posteriorly. Proepisterna clearly visible from above in apical half. Elytra. Convex, very slightly ovate, in lateral view disc convex, 1.62–1.64 (HT 1.64) times as long as wide, 1.29–1.33 (HT 1.33) times as wide as pronotum, 2.10–2.16 (HT 2.16) times as long as pronotum; humeri slightly protruded, base distinctly sloping; outline regularly broadened on sides, lateral channel very broad, its margin with 3–4 very fine, just recognisable humeral teeth; broadest slightly before midlength; suture broadly depressed at base. Base with very blunt, indistinct tubercle, BSP large. Striae 1–3(4) rather fine on disc, disappearing latero-basally and apically, striae 4(5)–7 consisting of rows of few sparse punctures in about middle third of elytral length. Intervals flat, only first intervals in basal part very slightly vaulted. Third interval with 5–7 and fifth interval with 1–3 very fine DSP. Aedeagus as in Figs 2–3. Apex of median lobe in lateral view long and slightly narrowed apically, narrowly rounded; in ventral view long and very narrow, as in Fig. 3. Urite as in Fig. 4, paramerae bisetose, as in Fig. 5. Styli as in Fig. 6. Apical spine very long, evenly curved. Differential diagnosis. Antireicheia chinensis sp. nov. differs from A. margolata, the only known Oriental species of this genus, in having broader head with more distinct microreticulation, pronotum not attenuated anteriorly, and in distinctly narrower elytra with much deeper striae with much coarser punctuation and with DSP also in the fifth interval. Both remaining anophthalmic members of the subtribe Reicheiina from south-eastern Asia belong to different genera. The new species can be easily distinguished from Laoreicheia bulirschi especially by the missing pair of paramedian setae on the disc of pronotum and from Reicheia moritai chiefly by pronotal episterna being invisible from above and by having a very different median lobe of the aedeagus (see Figs 2–5 for A. chinensis sp. nov. and BALKENOHL (2005: Fig. 5) for R. moritai). Etymology. The name is derived from the name of the country where the species was collected; adjective. Collection circumstances. All specimens were collected by sifting of moist leaf litter in the primary lowland forest (M. Fikáček, pers. comm.). Distribution. China: Guangdong Province.Published as part of Bulirsch, Petr, Magrini, Paolo & Jia, Fenglong, 2013, Antireicheia chinensis sp. nov. of the subtribe Reicheiina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Scaritinae) from the south-eastern China, pp. 59-64 in Acta Entomologica Musei Nationalis Pragae 53 (1) on pages 60-63, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.574065
"Put your own house in order first": local perceptions of EU influence on Romani integration policies in the Czech Republic
No full textThis article examines the influence of the European Union (EU) on the development and implementation of Romani integration policy in the Czech Republic from the perspective of those responsible for policy delivery. Based on analysis of key policy documents and research conducted in the Czech Republic, this article first examines how Romani integration became a more important issue during membership negotiations and then discusses how the criticism of the European Commission's Regular Reports was received by those responsible for implementing pro-Romani policies. Finally, the paper assesses how the status of full EU membership has impacted on integration policy. The article concludes that while funding for Romani integration projects has benefitted some groups, the overall impression of the EU is of a remote institution, quick to criticise and unwilling to practise what it preaches
Hydrogen sulfide activates TRPA1 and releases 5-HT from epithelioid cells of the chicken thoracic aorta
No full textEpithelioid cells in the chicken thoracic aorta are chemoreceptor cells that release 5-HT in response to hypoxia. It is likely that these cells play a role in chemoreception similar to that of glomus cells in the carotid bodies of mammals. Recently, H2S was reported to be a key mediator of carotid glomus cell responses to hypoxia. The aim of the present study was to reveal the mechanism of action of H2S on 5-HT outflow from chemoreceptor cells in the chicken thoracic aorta. The 5-HT outflow induced by NaHS, an H2S donor, and Na2S3, a polysulfide, was measured by using a HPLC equipped with an electrochemical detector. NaHS (0.3-3 mM) caused a concentration-dependent increase in 5-HT outflow, which was significantly inhibited by the removal of extracellular Ca2+. outflow induced by NaHS (0.3 mM) was also significantly inhibited by voltage-dependent L- and N-type Ca2+ channel blockers and a selective TRPA1 channel blocker. Cinnamaldehyde, a TRPA1 agonist, mimicked the secretory response to H2S. 5-HT outflow induced by Na2S3 (10 M) was also inhibited by the TRPA1 channel blocker. Furthermore, the expression of TRPA1 was localized to 5-HT-containing chemoreceptor cells in the aortic wall. These findings suggest that the activation of TRPA1 and voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels is involved in H2S-evoked 5-HT release from chemoreceptor cells in the chicken aorta. (C) 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved
High-Temperature Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (HT-ATES) system for research development and demonstration on the TU Delft campus
No full textAt present, over half of all primary energy used in Europe is used for heating and cooling. Therefore, decarbonizing the heating supply is essential to achieve climate targets. Underground thermal energy storage is a key enabling technology for the energy transition to buffer the large seasonal mismatch between thermal energy demand and sustainable thermal energy production capabilities. In Delft, a High-Temperature Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage (HT-ATES) system will be installed at the campus of Delft University of Technology (TU Delft). It will be integrated in the wider heating system on and around the TU Delft campus, which itself is undergoing a transformation to optimally supply sustainable thermal energy. The district heating network will be extended and utilize the thermal energy from a geothermal doublet producing heat at around 75-80°C with a flow rate of ~350m3/hr. Excess energy produced by the geothermal well in summer will be stored in the HT-ATES system, and will be utilised when demand exceeds production throughout the winter. The HT-ATES system will comprise of 7 wells (3 hot wells of 80°C and 4 warm wells of 50°C) to a depth of approximately 200m, with storage in an unconsolidated sedimentary aquifer between 160-200m depth. It is designed so that the instantaneous excess power from the geothermal project can be stored and demand from the district heating network be extracted from the system.The HT-ATES system at TU Delft is partially funded by local stakeholders and the European commission within the PUSH-IT project and has two primary goals: (i) to reduce carbon emissions on TU Delft campus , and (ii) to create a unique demonstration, education and research infrastructure. The complexity of a HT-ATES requires innovative solutions during the entire system life cycle. The scientific programme that is initially planned within the project is therefore focusing on various research fields and includes:- Characterisation of the subsurface formations including mechanical, hydraulic, thermal, and chemical properties.- Evaluation and monitoring of the biological conditions and microbial diversity, and potential impact on water quality.- Innovations in drilling and completion, monitoring and performance.- Quantification of the system performance and system impact during multiple storage cycles and the full lifecycle of the HT-ATES. This will include extensively monitoring temperature distribution and water quality in the subsurface to characterise behaviour and improve models.- Demonstrate and develop the implementation of HT-ATES in an urban setting, including control of the system in the built-environment and transforming the conventional heat network to a future-proof heat network.- To allow access to other universities or institutions with active programmes in the field of Geothermal Science and Engineering to jointly carry out research and perform experiments.-Societal engagement and legal evaluation for improving the just energy transition.Geo-engineeringWater Resource
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