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Law's Image of the Human : A translation of Gustav Radbruch's 1926 Inaugural Lecture at Heidelberg University with an introductory foreword.
No full textსამართლებრივი დილემის კონცეფცია
Full text linkThis article is based on the monograph (Irresolvable Norm Conflicts in International Law: The Concept of A Legal Dilemma) of Valentin Jeutner pioneering the concept of legal dilemma in the doctrine of international law. Briefly, the concept of a legal dilemma is a theory of irresolvable norm conflicts. The concept of legal dilemma serves as a normative exposition of the international legal states of affairs where the conflict between two legal norms is so fundamental that their adequate resolution through norm conflict resolution techniques of contemporary international law is impossible. In this article, the author conceptualizes legal dilemmas as an unavoidable and irresolvable conflict between norms of international law. The intrinsic nature of legal dilemmas resembles a legal state of superposition where a given conduct is both illegal and legal at the same time. That is, if one norm is favored over the other, the other is necessarily unduly impaired. Upon providing the general legal account of the concept of legal dilemma, the author responds affirmatively to their presence in contemporary international law. Subsequently, the author ventures to demonstrate that various legal devices to accommodate legal dilemmas once they have arisen are unsatisfactory. Then he establishes that judicial institutions – for a multiplicity of different legal and non-legal reasons – do not represent an appropriate forum for dealing with the various substantial problems posed by legal dilemmas. Thus, the author proposes that judicial institutions – instead of deciding the legal dilemmas themselves – must issue dilemmatic declarations when confronted with an irresolvable and unavoidable norm conflict. Dilemmatic declarations communicate that a legal dilemma exists but do not resolve a dilemma in favor of one or the other norm. However, the author warns us that the issuance of dilemmatic declarations must occur only after the most rigorous and careful application of norm conflict resolution and accommodation techniques. Importantly, dilemmatic declarations do not themselves decide the legal dilemmas but delegate the decision-making competence to the archetypal subjects of international law and the authors of the legal dilemmas themselves – the States. In the author's view, the final say over the decision of the legal dilemmas falls precisely to the States due to the inherent epistemological and/or metaphysical difficulties associated with deciding the legal dilemmas. A State’s decision of a dilemma possesses no legal precedential value and after a State has decided the legal dilemma, the judicial institutions should then enforce an unduly impaired norm. Finally, the author posits the merits of dilemmatic legal thinking in the international legal thought, one of which is to enhance the conceptual understanding of international law, transcend the binary representations of norms only as legal and illegal and to enable States to engage with and reflect constructively about the problems the existence of legal dilemmas presuppose.ხშირად, ტერმინი „დილემა“ გამოიყენება ისეთი უამრავი განსხვავებული, ეშმაკური საერთაშორისოსამართლებრივი პრობლემის აღსაწერად, რომლის მხოლოდ ერთი კონცეფციის ფარგლებში მოხელთება ძალიან რთულია. თუმცა, ტერმინის ამ სადავო გამოყენებისაგან განსხვავებით, სამართლებრივი დილემის კონცეფცია, წინამდებარე ნაშრომში წარმოდგენილია როგორც ტექნიკურ-იურიდიული ტერმინი. კერძოდ, სამართლებრივი დილემის კონცეფცია, როგორც ეს გაგებული და წარმოჩენილია ამ ნაშრომში, ეხება საერთაშორისო სამართლის ნორმებს შორის წარმოქმნილ გარდაუვალ და გადაუჭრელ კონფლიქტს. ამ ნაშრომის პირველი მიზანია ნათელი მოჰფინოს და ახსნას ამ დეფინიციის უამრავი ელემენტი (1). მეორე მიზანი კი, – წარმოადგინოს და განიხილოს უამრავი სტრატეგია სამართლებრივი დილემების გადასაჭრელად მას შემდეგ, რაც ისინი თავს იჩნენენ (2). იქიდან გამომდინარე, რომ სამართლებრივი დილემის კონცეფცია ახალი განსაკუთრებული მნიშვნელობის მქონე კონცეფციაა, რომელიც მიზნად ისახავს მისთვის ახალი განსაზღვრების მინიჭებას მოცემულ კონტექსტში არსებული დისკუსიის მიზნებისთვის, ამ ნაშრომის საბოლოო მიზანია გაამართლოს კონცეფციის არსებობა და აღმოაჩინოს დილემატური სამართლებრივი აზროვნების ღირსებები (3)
Irresolvable Norm Conflicts in International Law : The Concept of a Legal Dilemma
No full textConventionally, international legal scholarship concerned with norm conflicts focusses on identifying how international law can or should resolve them. This book adopts a different approach. It focusses on identifying those norm conflicts that law cannot and should not resolve. The book offers an unprecedented, controversial, yet sophisticated, argument in favour of construing such irresolvable conflicts as legal dilemmas. Legal dilemmas exist when a legal actor confronts a conflict between at least two legal norms that cannot be avoided or resolved. Addressing both academics and practitioners, the book aims to identify the character and consequences of legal dilemmas, to distil their legal function within the sphere of international law, and to engender and contribute to serious theoretical and practical investigations into the conditions that lead to a legal dilemma. The argument unfolds in three parts. The first part proposes a definition of legal dilemmas and distinguishes the term from numerous related concepts. Based on this definition, the second part scrutinises international law’s contemporary norm conflict resolution and accommodation devices in order to identify their limited ability to resolve certain kinds of norm conflicts satisfactorily. Against the background of the limits identified in the second part, the third part outlines and evaluates the book’s proposed method of dealing with legal dilemmas. In contrast to conventional approaches that recommend dealing with irresolvable norm conflicts by means of non liquet declarations, judicial law-making or balancing test, the book’s proposal envisions that irresolvable norm conflicts are dealt with by judicial and sovereign actors in a complementary fashion. According to the proposal, judicial actors should openly acknowledge irresolvable conflicts and sovereign actors should decide with which norm they will comply. Subsequently, judicial actors should hold the sovereign actor responsible for the violation of any prescriptive norm the sovereign chose to impair. The book concludes with the argument that analysing various aspects of international law through the lenses of the concept of a legal dilemma enhances international law’s conceptual accuracy, facilitates more legitimate decision-making processes and maintains international law’s dynamic responsiveness.</p
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Irresolvable norm conflicts in international law ::the concept of a legal dilemma /
No full textMany are familiar with the concept of a moral dilemma - a situation where a person faces a choice between two mutually exclusive actions. This book considers whether situations of this kind could and should exist within the sphere of international law
Die (Un-)Möglichkeit der Normen 4: Rechtswissenschaftliche Anmerkungen zu Christoph Möllers
Full text linkChristoph Möllers: Die Möglichkeit der Normen: Über eine Praxis jenseits von Moralität und Kausalität. Berlin: Suhrkamp 2015. 978351858611
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
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