103 research outputs found
U.S. artists imagining Mexico, Central America and Cuba, 1875-1910
No full textThis dissertation investigates representations of Mexico, Central America and Cuba produced by U.S. artists from 1875 to 1910. As the United States strengthened its political and economic ties with its closest southern neighbors, a desire for visual knowledge of the people and places just south of the border grew. Paintings, photographs, films and illustrations by artists such as Eadweard Muybridge, Winslow Homer and William Henry Jackson introduced an unfamiliar U.S. public to the ―Other‖ America. While some of these artists constructed a vision of Mexico, Central America and Cuba as picturesque places mired in the past and ripe for U.S. expansionist efforts, others portrayed these lands as sites of mounting tension that suggest anxiety surrounding the increasingly intimate relationship between the North and South. A careful analysis of these images, the contemporary responses to them and the socio-historical context in which they were created reveals another veiled subject—the United States and its struggle to define its own identity at a watershed moment in its history. A study of the visual manifestation of the United States' relationship with Mexico, Central America and Cuba is at the forefront of recent scholarship that seeks to extend the scope of American art beyond geographic borders, embracing a more global, non-Euro-centrist perspective.Ph. D.Includes bibliographical referencesIncludes vitaby Diana Bramha
Soluble tau species, not neurofibrillary aggregates, disrupt neural system integration in a tau transgenic model
No full textNeurofibrillary tangles are a feature of Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies, and although they are generally believed to be markers of neuronal pathology, there is little evidence evaluating whether tangles directly impact neuronal function. To investigate the response of cells in hippocampal circuits to complex behavioral stimuli, we used an environmental enrichment paradigm to induce expression of an immediate-early gene, Arc, in the rTg4510 mouse model of tauopathy. These mice reversibly overexpress P301L tau and exhibit substantial neurofibrillary tangle deposition, neuronal loss, and memory deficits. Using fluorescent in situ hybridization to detect Arc messenger RNA, we found that rTg4510 mice have impaired hippocampal Arc expression both without stimulation and in response to environmental enrichment; this likely reflects the combination of functional impairments of existing neurons and loss of neurons. However, tangle-bearing cells were at least as likely as non-tangle-bearing neurons to exhibit Arc expression in response to enrichment. Transgene suppression with doxycycline for 6 weeks resulted in increased percentages of Arc-positive cells in rTg4510 brains compared with untreated transgenics, restoring enrichment-induced Arc messenger RNA levels to that of wild-type controls despite the continued presence of neurofibrillary pathology. We interpret these data to indicate that soluble tau contributes to impairment of hippocampal function, although tangles do not preclude neurons from responding in a functional circuit
Sensory modulation in children at-risk of ADHD
No full textBackground/aims: Sensory modulation difficulties are commonly reported in patients with ADHD, however there has been little focus on the development of these difficulties in young children at a higher risk of later ADHD diagnosis. This study investigated whether children with a familial history of ADHD show greater sensory modulation difficulties. We also explored whether sensory modulation was linked to negative affectivity, which has been highlighted as a potential early marker of ADHD. Methods: Parents of children under 6 years with a family history of ADHD (n = 65) and no family history (n = 122) completed questionnaires on sensory modulation and temperament. Results: Children from families with ADHD were reported to display extreme patterns of hyperresponsiveness and hyporesponsiveness, relative to controls. No differences emerged for the sensory seeking domain. Some children within the high-risk group reported high scores across all three sensory modulation patterns. Regression analysis revealed that hyperresponsiveness predicted higher levels of negative affect. Conclusions/implications: This study is the first to report greater sensory modulation difficulties in children at familial risk of ADHD. Future research should establish whether children with sensory modulation and temperament difficulties in early childhood are more vulnerable to developing ADHD.University College DublinThe Waterloo Foundatio
Do Neuropsychological Deficits Predict Anger Dysregulation in Adults with ADHD?
No full textObjective: To examine the relationship between anger and neuropsychological functioning in adults with ADHD. Method: Seventy adults with ADHD were assessed. Correlational and hierarchical multiple regression analyses were performed using neurocognitive tasks and subscales of the State Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI)-trait anger, anger out, anger control, while controlling for anxiety and depression (HADS), and full-scale IQ (WASI). Selective, divided, and shifting attention were assessed using the Test of Everyday Attention (TEA) subscales. Sustained attention was measured using Continuous Performance Test (CPT) scores. Response inhibition was measured using scores from the CPT and Matching Familiar Figures test (MFFT). Results: Trait anger and anger out were both found to have a significant relationship to shifting attention (TEA - visual elevator task) and anxiety. Anger control was found to have a significant relationship to response inhibition (MFFT). Conclusion: Anger was significantly related to two measures of neuropsychological functioning, and anxiety. Shifting attention was more significantly associated with trait anger and anger out than response inhibition, which was significantly related to anger control. These findings have the potential to inform targeted interventions in forensic psychiatry and may have implications regarding which model of ADHD best accounts for anger dysregulation.</p
Rethinking the association between overweight/obesity and ADHD in children: a longitudinal and psychosocial perspective
No full textThis study examines the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and overweight/obesity in a large-scale longitudinal study of children, whilst controlling for a range of psychosocial factors. Data were obtained from Growing Up in Ireland, a nationally representative and longitudinal study of approximately 6,500 children who were assessed at 9 and 13 years of age. Body mass index (BMI) was determined using measured height and weight, ADHD status was determined by parent reports of professional diagnoses and ADHD symptoms were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The associations between ADHD status, ADHD symptoms (SDQ) and BMI category at age 9 and 13 were evaluated using logistic regression. Adjustments were made for child factors (sex, developmental coordination disorder, emotional symptoms, conduct problems, birth weight and exercise) and parental factors (socio-economic status, parental BMI, parental depression, and maternal smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy). Logistic regression indicated that ADHD status was not associated with BMI category at 9 or at 13 years of age, but children with ADHD at 9 years were significantly more likely to be overweight/obese at 13 years than those without ADHD. However, when other child and parental factors were adjusted for, ADHD status was no longer significantly associated with weight status. Female sex, low levels of exercise, overweight/obese parents and prenatal smoking during pregnancy consistently increased the odds of childhood overweight/obesity. In general populations, ADHD and overweight/obesity co-occur, but a host of other psychosocial factors may be involved in their association
Neuroimaging and the course of Major Depressive Disorder: A systematic review of longitudinal neuroimaging studies
No full textThe first objective of this systematic review, is to synthesize evidence across multimodal longitudinal neuroimaging studies in all Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) age groups to determine which neurobiological biomarkers may be linked to the progression of MDD over time. The second objective of this systematic review was to identify the common biopsychosocial factors that have been integrated into the analyses within neuroimaging studies of MDD, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of how such factors may have been found to influence neurobiological changes in MDD over time
Rethinking the association between overweight/obesity and ADHD in children: a longitudinal and psychosocial perspective
No full textThis study examines the association between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and overweight/obesity in a large-scale longitudinal study of children, whilst controlling for a range of psychosocial factors. Data were obtained from Growing Up in Ireland, a nationally representative and longitudinal study of approximately 6,500 children who were assessed at 9 and 13 years of age. Body mass index (BMI) was determined using measured height and weight, ADHD status was determined by parent reports of professional diagnoses and ADHD symptoms were measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The associations between ADHD status, ADHD symptoms (SDQ) and BMI category at age 9 and 13 were evaluated using logistic regression. Adjustments were made for child factors (sex, developmental coordination disorder, emotional symptoms, conduct problems, birth weight and exercise) and parental factors (socio-economic status, parental BMI, parental depression, and maternal smoking and alcohol use during pregnancy). Logistic regression indicated that ADHD status was not associated with BMI category at 9 or at 13 years of age, but children with ADHD at 9 years were significantly more likely to be overweight/obese at 13 years than those without ADHD. However, when other child and parental factors were adjusted for, ADHD status was no longer significantly associated with weight status. Female sex, low levels of exercise, overweight/obese parents and prenatal smoking during pregnancy consistently increased the odds of childhood overweight/obesity. In general populations, ADHD and overweight/obesity co-occur, but a host of other psychosocial factors may be involved in their association
A Phenomenological Analysis of the Experience of Receiving a Diagnosis and Treatment of ADHD in Adulthood A Partner's Perspective
No full textObjectives: The objectives are to explore the experience of living with a person who has undergone a process of diagnosis in his or her adult years and to examine, from the partner's perspective, how diagnosis and treatment with medication affects the ADHD patients' understanding of themselves, their behavior, and their relationships with others. Method: Participants were the partners of eight patients who had been diagnosed with ADHD in adulthood. Semistructured interviews were conducted, and the data were analyzed according to interpretative phenomenological analysis. Results: Three master themes emerged from the analysis: perceptions of inadequacy of the ADHD partner, emotional impact of diagnosis, and medication not a panacea. Conclusion: Results indicate a need for psychological treatment to be provided to clients following diagnosis. Information leaflets for partners will also help partners' ability to facilitate their own knowledge and understanding, which in turn will help them better support their AD/HD partners. (J. of Att. Dis. 2009; 12(4) 299-307
- …
