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Changes in blood-gas, biochemical and oxidative parameters in the horse associated with transport and fasting
No full textThe Australian and the European Animal Transportation Codes allow the transportation of horses without offering water for a maximum of 24 and 8 hours, respectively. This study aimed to document the effects of an 8 hour transportation event, devoid of water and feed, on physiological and metabolic parameters in horses. A total of 12 horses were transported in two identical transport events on different days (n=6 in each) for 8 hours around the Riverina district of NSW in a commercial truck without water and feed for the duration of travel. Arterial and venous blood samples were collected prior to transport (T0), at unloading (T1), and 24 hours after the trip (T2). At the same time points, body temperature, heart and respiratory rate were recorded. All data were analyzed by regression analysis using the mixed procedure of SAS, using time (T0, T1, T2) as a predictor variable and horse and day as random factors. Table 1 shows significant relationships generated by the regression analysis. There was no effect of the journey on pH, PaCO2, PaO2, SO2, AST, sodium, or reactive oxygen metabolites.
Table 1. The means squared of the studied parameters at the different time points. Differing superscripts within rows indicate significant difference (A,B:P<0.01; a,b: P<0.05) (Tukey-Kramer test)
Parameter Preloading (T0) Unloading (T1) One day after (T2) Standard error
K+ (mmol/L) 3.94 Aa 3.48 B 4.23 Ab 0.08
Ca++ (mmol/L) 1.51 Aa 1.42 B 1.58 Ab 0.02
glucose (mmol/L) 5.24 A 6.71 B 6.10 C 0.30
lactate (mmol/L) 0.51 Aa 0.77 b 0.81 B 0.09
HCT (%) 35.34a 31.97 Bb 38.34 A 1.65
HCO3- (mmol/L) 31.68 a 29.51 b 31.25 a 0.51
HCO3std (mmol/L) 32.09 a 29.94 b 31.79 a 0.79
TCO2 (mmol/L) 33.53 a 31.30 b 33.18 0.83
BEecf (mmol/L) 8.00 A 5.76 B 7.91 A 0.74
BE(B) (mmol/L) 6.80 A 5.16 B 7.00 A 0.53
THb (g/L) 109.47 a 99.10 Bb 117.26A 5.67
T (°C) 37.52A 37.96B 37.54A 0.18
HR (beat/min) 34.80A 43.34B 36.44A 1.45
RR (breath/min) 13.19a 19.01Bb 12.10A 2.08
Total Protein (g/L) 65.09 A 69.63B 68.27B 1.37
Albumin (g/L) 28.18A 30.27B 29.72B 0.68
CK (UI/L) 248.82a 291.45b 292.55b 12.06
PAT (Ucorr) 2543.55a 2732.91Bb 2422.36Aa 80.28
Cortisol 5.26Aa 6.65Ab 2.97B 0.37
Transportation for 8 hours was associated with mild but significant effects on fluid and electrolyte balance, muscle enzymes, and mobilization of antioxidants, without causing metabolic acidosis or alkalosis. Further studies to evaluate frequency of rest and access to water and feed during transport are required to evaluate the need to update the current Australian equine transport code
Survey of horse transportation in Australia: issues and practices
No full textObjective: To survey amateur and professional participants on equine transportation management, practices and outcomes in Australia. Methods: An online survey targeting people who organised horse movements at least monthly was made available to a broad cross-section of amateur and professional equine associations. Respondents were invited to provide demographic details and information relating to their routine transportation management practices and their experiences of issues relating to the transportation of horses. Results: Of 797 usable responses involving approximately 17,000 horses and 313,000 individual horse transport events, transport-related behavioural problems were reported by 38% of respondents, particularly at loading. Transport-related health problems had been experienced during or after transportation by horses in the care of 67% of respondents. The most common problems reported were traumatic injuries (45.0%), diarrhoea (20.0%), muscular problems (13.0%), respiratory problems (12.3%), overheating (10.5%) and colic (10.3%). In the 2 years reviewed in the survey, 9.4% of participants reported at least one case of transport-associated pneumonia and 35 horses had died, most commonly from fractures, colic or pneumonia. Although respondents identifying as amateurs transported horses less frequently and over shorter distances, the incidence of transport-related problems was similar between amateurs and professionals. Respondents reported specific precautions before, during and after transportation, although management was often not compliant with the Australian Code of horse transportation. Conclusions: Responses indicated that there remains a substantial risk of adverse welfare and health outcomes for horses transported in Australia and management practices reported may not be compliant with current recommendations for transportation
Changes in blood-gas, biochemical and oxidative parameters in the horse associated with transport and fasting
No full textThe Australian and the European Animal Transportation Codes allow the transportation of horses without offering water for a maximum of 24 and 8 hours, respectively. This study aimed to document the effects of an 8 hour transportation event, devoid of water and feed, on physiological and metabolic parameters in horses. A total of 12 horses were transported in two identical transport events on different days (n=6 in each) for 8 hours around the Riverina district of NSW in a commercial truck without water and feed for the duration of travel. Arterial and venous blood samples were collected prior to transport (T0), at unloading (T1), and 24 hours after the trip (T2). At the same time points, body temperature, heart and respiratory rate were recorded. All data were analyzed by regression analysis using the mixed procedure of SAS, using time (T0, T1, T2) as a predictor variable and horse and day as random factors. Table 1 shows significant relationships generated by the regression analysis. There was no effect of the journey on pH, PaCO2, PaO2, SO2, AST, sodium, or reactive oxygen metabolites.
Table 1. The means squared of the studied parameters at the different time points. Differing superscripts within rows indicate significant difference (A,B:P<0.01; a,b: P<0.05) (Tukey-Kramer test)
Parameter Preloading (T0) Unloading (T1) One day after (T2) Standard error
K+ (mmol/L) 3.94 Aa 3.48 B 4.23 Ab 0.08
Ca++ (mmol/L) 1.51 Aa 1.42 B 1.58 Ab 0.02
glucose (mmol/L) 5.24 A 6.71 B 6.10 C 0.30
lactate (mmol/L) 0.51 Aa 0.77 b 0.81 B 0.09
HCT (%) 35.34a 31.97 Bb 38.34 A 1.65
HCO3- (mmol/L) 31.68 a 29.51 b 31.25 a 0.51
HCO3std (mmol/L) 32.09 a 29.94 b 31.79 a 0.79
TCO2 (mmol/L) 33.53 a 31.30 b 33.18 0.83
BEecf (mmol/L) 8.00 A 5.76 B 7.91 A 0.74
BE(B) (mmol/L) 6.80 A 5.16 B 7.00 A 0.53
THb (g/L) 109.47 a 99.10 Bb 117.26A 5.67
T (°C) 37.52A 37.96B 37.54A 0.18
HR (beat/min) 34.80A 43.34B 36.44A 1.45
RR (breath/min) 13.19a 19.01Bb 12.10A 2.08
Total Protein (g/L) 65.09 A 69.63B 68.27B 1.37
Albumin (g/L) 28.18A 30.27B 29.72B 0.68
CK (UI/L) 248.82a 291.45b 292.55b 12.06
PAT (Ucorr) 2543.55a 2732.91Bb 2422.36Aa 80.28
Cortisol 5.26Aa 6.65Ab 2.97B 0.37
Transportation for 8 hours was associated with mild but significant effects on fluid and electrolyte balance, muscle enzymes, and mobilization of antioxidants, without causing metabolic acidosis or alkalosis. Further studies to evaluate frequency of rest and access to water and feed during transport are required to evaluate the need to update the current Australian equine transport code
Survey of horse transportation in Australia: issues and practices
No full textObjective: To survey amateur and professional participants on equine transportation management, practices and outcomes in Australia. Methods: An online survey targeting people who organised horse movements at least monthly was made available to a broad cross-section of amateur and professional equine associations. Respondents were invited to provide demographic details and information relating to their routine transportation management practices and their experiences of issues relating to the transportation of horses. Results: Of 797 usable responses involving approximately 17,000 horses and 313,000 individual horse transport events, transport-related behavioural problems were reported by 38% of respondents, particularly at loading. Transport-related health problems had been experienced during or after transportation by horses in the care of 67% of respondents. The most common problems reported were traumatic injuries (45.0%), diarrhoea (20.0%), muscular problems (13.0%), respiratory problems (12.3%), overheating (10.5%) and colic (10.3%). In the 2 years reviewed in the survey, 9.4% of participants reported at least one case of transport-associated pneumonia and 35 horses had died, most commonly from fractures, colic or pneumonia. Although respondents identifying as amateurs transported horses less frequently and over shorter distances, the incidence of transport-related problems was similar between amateurs and professionals. Respondents reported specific precautions before, during and after transportation, although management was often not compliant with the Australian Code of horse transportation. Conclusions: Responses indicated that there remains a substantial risk of adverse welfare and health outcomes for horses transported in Australia and management practices reported may not be compliant with current recommendations for transportation
Risk factors in equine transport-related health problems: A survey of the Australian equine industry
Get PDFBackground: Transportation can affect equine health and is a potential source of economic loss to the industry. Objectives: To identify journey (duration, vehicle, commercial or noncommercial) and horse (sex, age, breed, use, amateur or professional status) characteristics associated with the development of transport-related health problems in horses. Study design: Cross-sectional online survey. Methods: An online survey was conducted targeting amateur and professional participants in the Australian equine industry; eligible respondents were required to organise horse movements at least monthly. Respondents provided details of the last case of a transport-related health problem that had affected their horse(s). Associations between type of health problem, journey and horse characteristics were examined with multivariable multinomial regression analysis. Results: Based on 214 responses, health problems were classified as injuries, muscular problems, heat stroke, gastrointestinal and respiratory problems, and death or euthanasia. Respiratory problems were reported most frequently (33.7%), followed by gastrointestinal problems (23.8%) and traumatic injuries (16.3%). The type of health problem was associated with journey duration (P<0.001) and horse breed (P = 0.001). Injuries were more likely to occur on short journeys, whereas more severe illnesses (gastrointestinal and respiratory problems, and death or euthanasia) were more likely to occur on long journeys. Using Standardbreds as the reference group, Thoroughbreds, Arabians and Warmbloods were more likely to experience a severe illness than an injury. Main limitations: Self-selected participation in the study and the self-reported nature of transport-related problems. Conclusions: Horses undertaking journeys of longer than 24 h are at greater risk for the development of severe disease or death. Further studies on long-haul transportation effects are required to safeguard the welfare of horses moved over long distances
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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