1,720,963 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
On Measuring Inclusiveness of Growth in Pakistan.
No full textUsing social opportunity function approach, this work
assesses, firstly, the change in and access to education and employment
opportunities available to the population and secondly, how equitably
these opportunities are distributed. Opportunity Index (OI) and Equity
Index of Opportunities (EIO) are calculated to measure and quantify the
extent of progress made in these two most important socio-economic
components of development. Based on data, extracted from Pakistan Social
and Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) Surveys of 1998-99 and 2007-08,
the present work finds that growth process has resulted in increased
inequalities both in education and employment opportunities over the
study period. Average opportunities available to population increased
for education while a decline in average employment opportunities is
documented in 2007-08 as compared to 1998-99. OI registered an increase
for primary and secondary levels of education. EIO improved at primary
level, remained stagnant for secondary level and decreased for literacy
rate over the time. Moreover, EIO for employment opportunities,
suggesting equitable distribution for employment and paid employment,
registered a decrease and opportunities distribution turn inequitable
when calculated based on average monthly income earned. Findings of the
paper suggest that policies should be focused to actively engage the
marginalised groups of the society in growth process through improvement
in higher education and more equitable distribution of opportunities.
JEL classification: C46, D63, E24, I24, O12 Keywords: Inclusive Growth,
Inequality, Opportunity Curve, Opportunity Index, Equity Index of
Opportunities, Pakista
Intergenerational Mobility: Evidence from Pakistan Panel Household Survey
Full text linkPakistan over the years, since its independence in 1947, had a
rather erratic growth profile but on average GDP growth rate hovered
around 5 percent per annum with per capita income growth ranging between
2 to 3 percent. The structure of the economy graduated from being
predominantly agriculture in 1950s to being service sector orientated
since the turn of the century. The manufacturing sector grew from almost
insignificance in 1947 to a reasonable level accounting for around one
third of the GDP. The demographic inertia associated with unchecked
population growth and emergence of job opportunities in urban areas led
to massive rural to urban migration, which resulted in a rather high
level of urbanisation. Concomitant changes in both the urban and rural
labour markets are visible too. Not only did average years of schooling
of the labour force rise but also changes in occupational classification
suggest a relative ris
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