1,720,954 research outputs found
Wiley Interdiscip Rev Nanomed Nanobiotechnol
Get PDFThe study of engineered nanomaterials for the development of technological applications, nanomedicine, and nano-enabled consumer products is an ever-expanding discipline as is the concern over the impact of nanotechnology on human environmental health and safety. In this review, we discuss the current state of understanding of nanomaterial skin interactions with a specific emphasis on the effects of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) skin exposure. Skin is the largest organ of the body and is typically exposed to UVR on a daily basis. This necessitates the need to understand how UVR skin exposure can influence nanomaterial skin penetration, alter nanomaterial systemic trafficking, toxicity, and skin immune function. We explore the unique dichotomy that UVR has on inducing both deleterious and therapeutic effects in skin. The subject matter covered in this review is broadly informative and will raise awareness of potential increased risks from nanomaterial skin exposure associated with specific occupational and life style choices. The UVR-induced immunosuppressive response in skin raises intriguing questions that motivate future research directions in the nanotoxicology and nanomedicine fields.OH009970/OH/NIOSH CDC HHS/United StatesR01 ES021492/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United StatesR01 ES021492/ES/NIEHS NIH HHS/United States2015-01-01T00:00:00Z24123977PMC386521
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Immunomodulatory effects of nanoparticles in a mouse model of skin allergy
No full textThesis (Ph. D.)--University of Rochester. Department of Biomedical Engineering, 2016.Topical treatments containing nanoparticles (NPs), also known as cosmeceuticals, is a fast growing market including products for hair damage, anti-wrinkle lotions, hyperpigmentation and photoaging and is expected to be valued at $31.84 billion by 2016. NPs incorporated in cosmeceuticals as well as drug delivery systems include liposomes, nanocapsules, lipid NPs, nanocrystals, dendrimers, nanogold, nanosilver, cubosomes, niosomes and fullerenes. The penetration of NPs through the skin is anticipated to depend on their physiochemical properties like size, shape, surface charge and composition as well as the skin barrier status. Understanding the factors that affect NP penetration through skin and their interaction with the cellular components in the epidermis and dermis are critical for the tailoring and design of NP-based topical and transdermal therapeutics. Various ex vivo and in vivo animal models have been used to quantify NP penetration, their systemic transport and immunomodulatory effects (direct immune suppression and targeted delivery). Skin is also the main route to allergen sensitization and provides innate as well as adaptive immune functions to maintain homeostasis. Skin antigen presenting cells (APCs) generate an adaptive immune response following allergen exposure as in the case of Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD), a type IV hypersensitivity response. Common ACD allergens include urushiol in poison ivy and nickel in jewelry. APCs sensitize effector CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the lymph nodes against topical allergens at the point of first contact (sensitization phase) and a subsequent exposure can cause pruritic rash and/or swelling generated by the antigen-specific T cells (elicitation phase). Over 2800 chemicals have the potential to cause an allergic reaction in the skin and an estimated 15-20% of the population in North America suffers from contact allergy. The goal of the current treatment methods (steroids and antihistamines) is to reduce symptoms of ACD that include swelling, redness, barrier dysfunction, pruritus (itch), and induration (tissue hardening). Hence, there is an unmet need for an effective over-the-counter topical therapeutic for treating inflammatory skin conditions like ACD.
In this thesis, we demonstrate through both ex vivo and in vivo skin models that several factors like application vehicles, skin processing conditions and exposure models can impact NP penetration through skin and their potential uptake by skin immune cells. We also discuss the development of a topical therapeutic containing NPs in a mouse model of ACD called Contact Hypersensitivity Response (CHS) model. We discovered that some NPs like gold NPs (AuNP), silver NPs (AgNP) and silica NPs (SiNP) have an intrinsic ability to suppress the inflammatory response in the elicitation phase of the allergic response with a common workplace sensitizer called dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB). These NPs when applied within a 2 hour window of exposure to a chemical allergen (DNFB) reduce the influx of immune cells (neutrophils and T cells) and mitigate mast cell degranulation in the tissue that leads to an altered cytokine milieu thereby generating an immunosuppressive effect. These findings suggest an opportunity to develop an NP based therapeutic for treating/preventing skin allergies. Future studies seek to examine the extensibility of our findings to other Th1 and Th2 sensitizing agents like 2-deoxyurushiol and to develop a cellular and molecular level understanding of the immunosuppressive mechanism
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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