1,721,182 research outputs found
Polyene antifungals
No full textDetermining the optimal polyene antifungal dosing in obese patients is considered highly challenging. Limited data are available to describe the pharmacokinetics of polyene antifungals in these patients. However, polyene antifungals demonstrate widely variable pharmacokinetics in various clinical conditions. In particular, the two main parameters that define dosing requirements, volume of distribution (V) and clearance, can change significantly in obese patients. Therefore, in the absence of robust data to describe optimal polyene dosing in obesity, dosing guided by therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) remains the best approach, particularly when aggressive dosing is required in the context of poorly susceptible pathogens. Lean body weight appears to be the preferred weight metric to estimate polyene dosing in obesity, in order to prevent inappropriate excessive doses and subsequent adverse events including nephrotoxicity
Antibiotic pharmacodynamics
No full textPharmacodynamics is classically described as the effect of drugs on the body, which for most drugs relates to effects on pathophysiological processes so as to achieve the desired treatment outcomes. Unlike drugs which act on human cells/organs to elicit their pharmacological effect, antibiotics act on ‘non-physiologic’ bacterial cells to produce pharmacological effect. Because antibiotics are not meant to act on (affect) the human physiological system but rather directly bind or interact with bacterial cells, presents both advantages and challenges in terms of our ability to characterize dose–effect relationships. One important advantage is that, unlike other drugs, we can easily describe concentration–effect relationships of antibiotics in vitro and describe concentrations that achieve inhibition of bacterial growth or maximal killing [1]. This is advantageous not only for designing dosing regimens, but also for optimizing treatment for individual patients relative to the susceptibility of the causative pathogen. Further, advanced in vitro infection models that can simulate human-like pharmacokinetic exposure of bacteria to changing antibiotics concentrations are now available to predict efficacy of novel dosing regimens in patients [2]. On the other hand, whilst for drugs which act by modifying human physiology (e.g. antihypertensive drugs) the actual clinical effect can be readily monitored by an objective clinical end point (e.g. blood pressure monitoring), such a direct objective end point is not possible for antibiotics which act directly on bacterial cells for therapeutic action, i.e. there is no direct human physiological change (signal) induced by the therapeutic action of antibiotics on bacteria. The clinical end point of antibiotic therapy, resolution of infection, remains largely subjective although a number of physiological markers of infection are considered useful surrogate indicators [3]. Unfortunately, the relationship between antibiotic exposure and biomarkers of infection that could signal optimal treatment outcome is not yet well established to guide the design and optimization of dosing regimens. It has not yet been possible to optimize antibiotic dosing based on a graded clinical response
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Supplementary Material, Supplementary_Appendix_A – Piperacillin Population Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Adults During Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis
No full textSupplementary Material, Supplementary_Appendix_A for Piperacillin Population Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Adults During Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis by Salmaan Kanji, Jason A. Roberts, Jiao Xie, Abdulaziz Alobaid, Sheryl Zelenitsky, Swapnil Hiremath, Guijun Zhang, Irene Watpool, Rebecca Porteous and Rakesh Patel in Annals of Pharmacotherapy</p
Supplementary Material, Supplementary_Appedix_B – Piperacillin Population Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Adults During Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis
No full textSupplementary Material, Supplementary_Appedix_B for Piperacillin Population Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Adults During Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis by Salmaan Kanji, Jason A. Roberts, Jiao Xie, Abdulaziz Alobaid, Sheryl Zelenitsky, Swapnil Hiremath, Guijun Zhang, Irene Watpool, Rebecca Porteous and Rakesh Patel in Annals of Pharmacotherapy</p
Supplementary Material, Supplementary_Appendix_D – Piperacillin Population Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Adults During Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis
No full textSupplementary Material, Supplementary_Appendix_D for Piperacillin Population Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Adults During Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis by Salmaan Kanji, Jason A. Roberts, Jiao Xie, Abdulaziz Alobaid, Sheryl Zelenitsky, Swapnil Hiremath, Guijun Zhang, Irene Watpool, Rebecca Porteous and Rakesh Patel in Annals of Pharmacotherapy</p
Supplementary Material, Supplementary_Appendix_C – Piperacillin Population Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Adults During Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis
No full textSupplementary Material, Supplementary_Appendix_C for Piperacillin Population Pharmacokinetics in Critically Ill Adults During Sustained Low-Efficiency Dialysis by Salmaan Kanji, Jason A. Roberts, Jiao Xie, Abdulaziz Alobaid, Sheryl Zelenitsky, Swapnil Hiremath, Guijun Zhang, Irene Watpool, Rebecca Porteous and Rakesh Patel in Annals of Pharmacotherapy</p
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