1,721,099 research outputs found
Łódź and Łódź Residents in the Context of the Polish-Bolshevik War of 1920
No full textThe book contains texts of well-known historians, museologists and archivists of Łódź, who aimed at presenting the impact of the Polish-Soviet War (1919–1921) on the functioning of Łódź and its inhabitants as well as the participation of Łódź residents in this armed conflict. The authors present the role of the city as an administrative center and a center of socio-political, cultural and military life. They picture the activities of the Łódź community as well as the local political, intellectual and economic elites, confronted with the war with Bolshevik Russia. The authors draw expressive portraits of the Łódź politicians and social activists. At the same time, they are looking for traces of this dramatic period in the modern image of the city, its museums, archives and at the great necropolises of Łódź. They ask questions about the place of 1920 in the collective memory of generations of Łódź residents
Armia kontra natura
No full textW prezentowanym tomie Autorzy poszczególnych rozdziałów przeanalizowali bardzo istotną kwestię z punktu widzenia funkcjonowania wojska, jaką jest wpływ uwarunkowań środowiska naturalnego na prowadzenie różnego typu działań wojskowych od okresu starożytności po początki XXI stulecia. Oryginalne refleksje zawarte w publikacji są efektem wykorzystania nowych źródeł lub tych już znanych, do których sformułowano inne pytania badawcze. W książce przedstawiono zagadnienia dotychczas słabo jeszcze przebadane, w czym tkwi wartość naukowa i poznawcza tej pozycji. Różnorodność omawianej tematyki stanowi niewątpliwie atut tomu, który jest wysiłkiem intelektualnym siedemnastu Autorów. Poprzez stawiane przez nich pytania i postulaty udało się wskazać szereg nowych aspektów badawczych, które warto podjąć lub zgłębiać. Redaktorom tej publikacji – o tak szerokiej rozpiętości tematycznej i chronologicznej – pozostaje mieć nadzieję, że będzie ona dla Czytelników ciekawa, wartościowo i inspirująca. Uzupełnieniem podjętej tematyki stanie się tom drugi monografii zawierający również blisko dwadzieścia tekstów
Wilno: straty wojenne w latach 1944–1945
Full text linkThe article, based on collections of documents, archival materials and historiography,
discusses the material losses caused to the city of Vilnius by the war battles in 1944 and
railway explosion in 1945. The author focuses on the scope of material damage, the mechanism
of their detection and the initial stage of setting the physical losses. The centre part of the city
suffered the most during the combats, but the explosion of the train ammunition at the beginning
of 1945 increased the material losses even further. The special commission to determine
the physical losses estimated that the damage to the city’s economy and culture amounted to
1 billion 129 million rubles
Walki w mieście w myśli wojskowej Robotniczo-Chłopskiej Armii Czerwonej (1918–1946)
Full text linkThe author of the paper presented the views of theoreticians and commanders
of the Workers’ and Peasants’ Red Army (WPRA) for city fighting and conquering, since the
uprising Red Army in February 1918 until the end of World War II. He discussed how the senior
officers of the Red Army viewed the issue of the specificity of combat in an urbanized area
– which is nowadays referred to as the black tactic. He also presented the problem – always
important for commanders of both infantry, armored weapons, artillery and aviation – whether
to capture cities from the front or rather encircle – forcing the enemy to withdraw his forces.
The author discussed it mainly on the basis of the battles in Stalingrad and Berlin. The battles
in the latter city are called the Berlin Strategic Offensive Operation in the Soviet historiography.
He also described the circumstances of the attack on Bobruisk during Operation
Bagration. In the latter case, a dispute arose between Joseph Stalin, who was a supporter
of a massive attack on this city, and Konstanty Rokossowski, who insisted on concentrically
attacking along both banks of the Berezina. Interestingly, in this dispute, the Generalissimo
finally agreed with K. Rokossowski. The author also presented the unsuccessful attempt to
capture Kołobrzeg from the 45th Armored Brigade of the Guard of Col. Mikołaj Morgunow from
the composition of the 1st Panzer Army of General Col. Mikhail Katukov and the successful
campaign to capture Częstochowa from the march. The paper presents the views of the most
important Soviet commanders of the Second World War: Grigory Zhukov, Konstanty Rokossowski,
Ivan Koniev, Ivan Bagramian, Vasily Chukov, Grigory Nadysiew, and the German ones:
Erich von Mannstein and Heinz Guderian
Клинковое оружие с городской гербовой маркировкой в коллекции Львовского исторического музея
Full text linkThe article examines the exhibits of cold bladed weapons from the Lviv Historical
Museum, marked by the city emblem of Lviv. The author studies samples with coats of arms
made in different traditions – from the form approved in 1526 to the “papal”, adopted in 1586
and the local variations as well. The Bastard sword of the 16th century and the ceremonial
saber of the 18th c entury s tudied t horoughly. T he a nalysis o f h eraldic i mages a lso i ncludes
a two-handed battle sword, two sabers and swords. The general chronology of the studied
weapons and coats of arms covers more than three hundred years – from 16 to the second half
of 19th century. Applying interdisciplinary research methods, the author identified the range of
tasks of such a mark system and the possible areas of its application. Like any other ownership
symbol, the city’s coat of arms on weapons had to establish property rights or indicate
the customer of weapons, first. Thus, the city coat of arms testified that the weapon was
in the communal property of Lviv, and it was ordered by the magistrate and other local governments.
The coat of arms and its elements were used as a mark of the city arsenal or property
brand of one of the city guilds. The rare cases of combining the personal noble coat of arms
and the city emblem may indicate the transfer (donation) of weapons to the city or the fact
that a noble owner of weapon was a member of the city administration. Finally, the city and
guild weapons, decorated with the Lviv coat of arms, had a ceremonial significance, being used
during corporate and city celebrations. The author notes that in Ukraine, the tradition of marking
weapons with the city emblems is most fully represented in Lviv, testifying to the identity
of Lviv urban culture, its age integration into the Western European cultural and legal context
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