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Pemanfaatan anak oleh pengemis jalanan perspektif Hukum Perdata dan Hukum Islam: Studi di Paciran, Lamongan
Get PDFمستخلص البحث
الأطفال هم هبة من الله يجب حمايتها وحمايتها دائمًا، لأن يولد الطفل في حالة من الوحدة والطبيعة دون أي خطيئة لها الخير. الطفل نفسه هو شخص لم يبلغ واحد وعشرين سنة. ستنحرف طبيعة الطفل إذا قام الآباء بإنحرافات عن الجهل للأطفال وخاطئين فيما يتعلق بالتعليم. لا سيما مشكلة استغلال الأطفال في فاجيران مدينة لامونجان من قبل الآباء والمتسولين، لتكون صداقات من قبل المتسولين. اتفاق الإيجار للطفل هو اتفاق بين أحد الوالدين ومتسول يلزمه بإحضار الطفل الذي تم تعيينه مقابل رعايته للطفل وبعض المال، وبعد إكماله يجب تسليم الطفل إلى والديه بناءً على الاتفاق المبرم. مشكلة إنفاذ القانون التي تواجهها حكومة مدينة لامونجان ليست مشكلة معقدة، ليس بسبب تعقيد النظام القانوني نفسه ولكن تعقيد النظام القانوني مع النظم الاجتماعية والاقتصادية والثقافية للشعب. المشكلة التي نقشت في هذه الأطروحة هي كيفية القانون لإستغلال الأطفال من قبل المتسولين في الشوارع وفقًا للقانون المدني والشريعة الإسلامية.
استخدم هذا البحث المنهج القانوني الاجتماعي. تتمثل طريقة البحث القانوني الاجتماعي في "أن النهج البحثي ينبع من المشكلات الموجودة في المجتمع، سواء تلك الموجودة على مستوى السياسة الحكومية أو عدم المساواة الاجتماعية الاقتصادية أو تلك القضايا المتعلقة بالقانون المعمول به وليس المفصول عنه" نوعيا.
تظهر حصول البحث أن استغلال الأطفال على وجه التحديد لم ينظم في القانون الإندونيسي الإيجابي. لكن بناءً على المادة 1320 من القانون المدني من حيث صحة الاتفاقية، لم يتم استيفاء شرط موضوعي هو "السبب الحلال"، بخلاف أن عقد الإيجار يخالف الأخلاق والمعايير الأخلاقية والعادات أو العادات والنظام العام والتشريع. لم يتم في الشريعة الإسلامية أيضا العثور عليها في القرآن الكريم والحديث الشريف الذي يرتب عن استغلال الطفل. لأن هذا يتعارض مع الشريعة الإسلامية القائمة. على الرغم من أنه يمكن أن يقال من حيث استخدام الخدمات، إلا أنه لا يزال غير مسموح به، لأن هناك العديد من المضارة ومن الفوائد.
ABSTRACT
Children are a gift from God that must always be guarded and protected, because a child is born in a state of unity and nature without any sin which has goodness. the child himself is someone who has not reached the age of 21 (twenty one) years. The nature of a child will deviate if parents make deviations of ignorance to children and wrong in terms of educating. Specifically the problem of using children in Paciran, Lamongan by parents and beggars, to be made friends by the beggar. Utilization of children is an agreement between parents and beggars who bind themselves to bring the child who is used in exchange for caring for the child and some money, and after completion is required to surrender the child to his parents based on the agreement made. The law enforcement problem faced by the Lamongan City Government is not a complicated problem, not because of the complexity of the legal system itself, but also the complexity of the legal system with the social, economic and cultural systems of the community. The problem discussed in this thesis is how the legal use of children by street beggars according to civil law and Islamic law.
This research uses a sociological juridical approach. The sociological juridical research method is "the research approach originates from problems that exist in society, both those that exist at the level of government policy, socioeconomic disparities, or those issues concerning and not separated by applicable law." The author analyzes this data using a descriptive method with an approach qualitative.
The results showed that the use of children in particular has not been regulated in Indonesian positive law. But based on Article 1320 of the Civil Code in terms of the validity of the agreement an objective condition that is "the existence of an object and halal cause" is not fulfilled, other than that this agreement is contrary to decency, moral norms, customs or customs, public order and legislation. In Islamic law also has not been found in the Qur'an and the hadith that discusses the use of children. Because this is contrary to existing Islamic law. Although it can be said in terms of utilizing services, it is still not allowed, because there are many mudhorot than the benefits.
ABSTRAK
Anak merupakan anamah dari Allah yang harus senantiasa dijaga dan dilindungi, karena seorang anak dilahirkan dalam keadaan tauhid dan fitrah tanpa ada dosa yang mana memiliki kebaikan. anak sendiri merupakan seseorang yang belum mencapai umur 21 (dua puluh satu) tahun. Fitrah seorang anak akan menyimpang apabila orang tua melakukan penyimpangan ketidak pedulian kepada anak dan salah dalam hal mendidik. Khususnya masalah pemanfaatan anak di Paciran, Lamongan yang dilakukan oleh orang tua anak dan pengemis, untuk dijadikan sebagai teman oleh si pengemis. Pemanfaatan pada anak merupakan perjanjian antara orang tua dengan pengemis yang mengikatkan dirinya untuk membawa anak yang dimanfaatkan dengan imbalan merawat anak tersebut dan sejumlah uang, dan setelah selesai diharuskan menyerahkan anak tersebut kepada orang tuanya berdasarkan perjanjian yang dibuat. Masalah penegakan hukum yang dihadapi oleh Pemerintah Kota Lamongan merupakan bukan masalah yang rumit, bukan dikarenakan kompleksitas sistem hukum itu sendiri, tetapi juga rumitnya sistem hukum dengan sistem sosial, ekonomi dan budaya masyarakat. Permasalahan yang dibahas dalam skripsi ini adalah bagaimana hukum pemanfaatan anak oleh pengemis jalanan menurut hukum perdata dan hukum Islam.
Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis sosiologis. Metode penelitian yuridis sosiologis adalah “pendekatan penelitian berasal dari permasalahan yang ada di masyarakat, baik yang ada pada tataran kebijakan pemerintah, kesenjangan sosial ekonomi, atau persoalan tersebut menyangkut dan tidak terpisah oleh hukum yang berlaku.” Penulis menganalisa data ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif.
Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pemanfaatan pada anak secara khusus belum diatur dalam hukum positif Indonesia. Tetapi berdasarkan Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata dalam syarat sahnya sebuah perjanjian syarat objektifnya yaitu ”adanya suatu objek dan sebab yang halal” tidak terpenuhi, selain itu perjanjian ini bertentangan dengan kesusilaan, norma moral, adat istiadat atau kebiasaan, ketertiban umum dan perundang-undang. Dalam hukum Islam juga belum ditemukan dalam al-Qur’an maupun hadits yang membahas tentang pemanfaatan anak. Karena hal ini bertentang dengan hukum Islam yang ada. Meskipun bisa dikatan dalam hal memanfaatkan jasa tetap saja tidak boleh, karena banyak mudhorotnya daripada manfaatnya
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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