64 research outputs found
Replication Data for: Interactive population effects of sublethal copper exposure and predation risk in a naturally stressful environment
No full textThe dataset contains data used in the study “Interactive population effects of sublethal copper exposure and predation risk in a naturally stressful environment
”. It contains experimental data from a mesocsom with the copepod Tigriopus brevicornis. The project was part of the MULTICOP project financed by the Norwegian Research Council (project number 301153). (2024-01-21)
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Methods
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We investigated the cumulative effects of copper and predation risk exposure on T. brevicornis over three generations. T. brevicornis is commonly found along European Atlantic shorelines and in high densities in tidal and splash water pools. The experiment was conducted at the University of Oslo Biological Research Station “Biologen” in Drøbak, Norway,. We established 36 populations by transferring 11 ovigerous T. brevicornis females from nearby splash pools into glass trays placed on the quay of the station’s harbor at th shoreline.
Two days before adding copepods, we filled each tray with 2.5 liters of seawater and their respective treatments: predation risk, copper (10 µg Cu L-1), combined, and control. Predation risk was simulated using fish kairomones. We incubated three-spined stickleback in seawater, similar to Lode et al. (2020). The 12-week experiment involved water and treatment renewals every 2 weeks. Before each renewal, we screened each microcosm for copepods (fewer than 10 or many) and other visible animals and debris. We sampled populations every 4th week by taking down 1/3 of the replicates, resulting in three independent replicates per timepoint and treatment. If possible, we randomly picked 100 individual late-stage copepodites and adults for pigment and stable isotope analysis. They were depurated in filtered seawater for two hours at ambient salinity. We then sampled adults for pigment analysis and stable isotope analysis. The remaining microcosm was filtered and preserved in 96% ethanol to determine T. brevicornis population density, structure, and abundances of other organisms. To analyze copepods’ Astaxanthin pigment content of individidual copepods, we used Thrane et al.’s (2015) spectrophotometric analysis. To calculate the specific Astaxanthin content, we used the ashfree dryweight derived from the length-weight regression for harpactcoids (Hopcroft et al., 1998). The δ15N and δ13C ratios of individual copepod samples were measured on a Thermo Fisher DeltaV Stable Isotope Mass Spectrometer configured with a Flash Elemental Analyzer Isolink system at the CLIPTlab of the Univeristy of Oslo.
References
Hopcroft, R.R., Lombard, D., Roff, J.C., 1998. Production of tropical copepods in Kingston Harbour, Jamaica: the importance of small species. Marine Biology 130, 593–604. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050281
Thrane, J.-E., Kyle, M., Striebel, M., Haande, S., Grung, M., Rohrlack, T., Andersen, T., 2015. Spectrophotometric Analysis of Pigments: A Critical Assessment of a High-Throughput Method for Analysis of Algal Pigment Mixtures by Spectral Deconvolution. PLOS ONE 10, e0137645. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0137645
Lode, Torben, Jan Heuschele, Tom Andersen, Josefin Titelman, Ketil Hylland, and Katrine Borgå. 2020. Contrasting effects of predation risk and copper on copepod respiration rates. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 39(9), pp.1765-1773. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4804.https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4804.
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Datafiles
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MesocosmDataHeuscheleetal.csv
ID: unique mesocosm id
Counting.order: The order in which the samples were counted.
Copper: “Copper” indicates that the treatment had added copper at a concentration of 10 ug L-1, while “No copper” was not treated with copper.
Kairomone: “Kairomone” indicates that the smell of fish was added to the treatment, while “No kairomone” indicates the lack thereof.
Date: Sampling date as d/m/y
Month: Month
Day: Day in the year
MeanT: Average daily temperature of sampling day
maxT: maximum daily temperature of sampling day
minT: minimum daily temperature of sampling day
rangeT: daily temperature range of sampling day
ESDD needed to calculate accumulated extreme stress degree days.
ESDDaccum accumulated extreme stress degree days, i.e. days mesocosm inhabitants mesocosm likely experienced above 32 degrees.
filamentous_green_algae: amount of filamentous algae present in the mesocosms. None,Few,Many,Lots, “NA” indicates that it was not assessed
water_colour: Assessment of the color of the water in the mesocosm, “NA” indicates that it was not assessed.
salinity_psu: Salinity of the mesososm measured with a refractometer.
Nauplii: Number of Tigriopus brevicornis Nauplii
Copepodites: Number of Tigriopus brevicornis copepodites
Copepod.with.eggsac: Number of Tigriopus brevicornis females with eggsacs
Chironomide Number of Chironomides
Other Number of other animals (dead or alive), such as drowned bumblebees, etc.
Shorefly: Number of Ephydridae
Adults: Number of Tigriopus brevicornis adults
AllCopepodites: Sum of copepodites and adult copepods
Allcopepods: Sum of all copepod individuals
STRESS: Stress factor
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Concentration.animals.csv
Sample: MesocosmID
Date: Date of takedown
Month: Takedown month in the year
X: identifier
Sample.ID.new: name of the image the measurements were taken from
Imagenames: name of the image the measurements were taken from
AvgProsomeLength: prosome length in um
DWug:ash free dryweight calculated (ug)
uniqueID: unique ID of the individual
ng.well: nanogram astaxanthin in the well
Dataset: Indicating whether it is from actual animal measurements or not
Treatment: Treatment the animal was exposed to in the experiment
Plate: microwell plate id
ng.animal: ng astaxanthin per animal
Kairomone: “Kairomone” indicates that the smell of fish was added to the treatment, while “No kairomone” indicates the lack thereof.
Copper: “Copper” indicates that the treatment had added copper at a concentration of 10 ug L-1, while “No copper” was not treated with copper.
Censored: indicating whether the Astaxanthin value was below the assumed limit fo detection
AstaxanthinPerDW: Astaxanthin per animal dryweight / specific Astaxanthin mass (ng Astaxanthin per ug dry weight)
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StableIsotopeData.csv
ID: Mesocosm ID
Treatment: treatment coded as a four-level factor
Copper: “Copper” indicates that the treatment had added copper at a concentration of 10 ug L-1, while “No copper” was not treated with copper.
Kairomone: “Kairomone” indicates that the smell of fish was added to the treatment, while “No kairomone” indicates the lack thereof.
Date: Sampling date as d/m/y
Month: Sampling month
ID2: id specific to the stable isotope analysis
c13: delta 13C isotope value
%C: percent carbon
C Notes: annotation for the carbon values (all NA)
N15: delta 15N isotope value
%N: percent nitrogen
N Notes: annotation for the nitrogen values (all NA
Replication Data for: Acute effects of copper exposure and predation risk in five coastal copepods
No full textThe two tables contains the necessary data to replicate the study "Acute effects of copper exposure and predation risk in five coastal copepods".
In short, we tested for copper effects on survival in the presence and absence of kairomones (to mimic predation) in five species from three orders of coastal copepods. We exposed adult copepods to four copper concentrations (0-1350 µg/L, 48h) on an automated imaging platform and analyzed survival over time. The methods are described in detail in the publication
The following describes the contents of each column in each file.
Survivaldata Brochmann.csv
Treatment: indicates the presence (Kairomone) and absence (Control) of kairomones in the experiment
Time_d Time in days when a change in survival was registered
Cu_0: Number of alive copepods at Time_d at a 0 ug L-1 Cu concentration.
Cu_150: Number of alive copepods at Time_d at a 150 ug L-1 Cu concentration.
Cu_450: Number of alive copepods at Time_d at a 450 ug L-1 Cu concentration.
Cu_1350: Number of alive copepods at Time_d at a 450 ug L-1 Cu concentration.
Species: The species that was exposed in the experiment.
Copepod_Length.csv
Species: The species that was measured
Well: the well number the animal was in
Mean_length: prosome length of the animal in px
Well_diameter: the diameter of the well in px
mm_per_pixel: the relationship between mm and px measurements
length_mm: the copepod prosome length in m
Replication Data for: Parasite infection shapes the pathobiome and behavior of marine zooplankton
No full textData and scripts for replicating the results in the article `Garvang et al., 2025. Parasite infection shapes the pathobiome and behavior of marine zooplankton. Limnology and Oceanography Letters`.
We collected Calanus helgolandicus from the Oslofjord, both healthy individuals and infected with a conspicuous "yellow-hyphal" parasite that changes the host behavior. We incubated them for 7 days and measured behavior and survival. At the start and end of the incubation we sampled animals for 16S rRNA microbial community analysis. Infected Calanus had higher mortality, more risky behavior and altered microbiomes compared to the uninfected.
The repository contains a workflow description of how to process and analyze the raw 16S, survival, and behavior data, and all necessary scripts. The raw 16S sequence data is not available in this repository, but has been deposited to the European Nucleotide Archive with project accession PRJEB84185.Abstract from related publication:
When assessing the total impact of disease in a host, it is important to consider not only the disease-carrying agent but also all symbionts, as they affect and are affected by the course of disease. This concept of a pathobiome is increasingly recognized in disease ecology, but is not well-investigated in natural systems. Copepods are key organisms in marine ecosystems and host a variety of symbionts, including bacteria and eukaryotic parasites. We investigated the impact of a taxonomically uncertain yellow-hyphal parasite (YHP) on its copepod host Calanus helgolandicus with an incubation experiment, comparing survival, behavior, and microbiomes of uninfected and infected hosts. Infected hosts had higher mortality, and altered behavior which can increase predation risk. The microbiomes differed between infected and uninfected hosts, and we identified several potential contributing taxa to the Calanus-YHP pathobiome using model-based ordination.</p
Annotated image training set for the copepod Tigriopus brevicornis
No full textThe zip files contain annotated training data on images captured in an experiment of Tigriopus brevicornis. The images are a subset of a much larger imaging dataset, that is part of a master thesis. Annotation was done using the in Computer Vision Annotation Tool. Female copepods with and without eggsac, faecal pellets, nauplii, and the outline of each well were manually labeled using rectangles. The images were captured using an automated imaging platform similar to the one by Heuschele et al 2019. The datasets were exported in the Coco1.0 dataset format.Research was funded by the Norwegian Research Council to the project MULTICOP (301153
The influence of eutrophication on sexual selection in sticklebacks
No full textJordens ekologiska system undergår för tillfället stora förändringar pga. människans aktiviteter. Ett växande antal studier visar att dessa förändringar påverkar naturliga och sexuella urvalet och därmed evolutiva processer. Målet med detta arbete var att undersöka effekterna av omgivningsförändringar på sexuella urvalet genom att använda den ökade övergödningen inom storpiggen Gasterosteus aculeatus lekområden som modell system. Sexuella urvalet är en viktig evolutiv kraft med följder på populations- och artnivå (Kapitel 1). Avhandlingens olika delar fokuserar på övergödningens effekter på upptäckandet av partners, användningen av visuella- och doftsignaler i partnersval, och fördelningen av parningsframgången mellan bobyggande hanar.
I Kapitel II och III simuleras hur grumlighet orsakad av fytoplankton påverkar hastigheten med vilken potentiella partners påträffas, genom effekter på synligheten. Resultaten visar att normala algblomningar i Östersjön har en måttlig effekt på finnandet av potentiella partners. Detta tyder på att algblomningarna troligen inte kommer att minska på selektiva parningen pga. ökade sökkostnader. I Kapitel IV visas att storspiggen ändrar relativa användningen av olika signaler när vattnets grumlighet ökar; visuella signaler minskar i betydelse medan doftsignaler ökar i betydelse. Samtidigt underlättas användandet av doftsignaler av ändringar i vattnets kemiska sammansättning då fotosyntesen intensifieras (Kapitel V). Lek i övergödda vatten kan ändå vara kostsamt både på individ- och populationsnivån, då parasiterade hanar, som troligen är dåligt genetiskt anpassade till sin miljö, lyckas få mer ägg i sina bon än friskare hanar som troligen är av högre genetisk kvalitet (Kapitel VI).
Övergödningen påverkar således partnersval och konkurrensen om partners genom att påverka upptäckandet av potentiella partners, evalueringen av partners och fördelningen av partners inom lekområdena. De följder detta kan ha för evolutionen av sexuellt selekterad egenskaper och för populationers dynamik och livskraft är dock oklara. Avhandlingen visar på svårigheten att förutse följderna av omgivningsförändringar för sexuella urvalet och effekterna på individ och populationsnivå.The increasing ecological footprint of the human population alters ecosystems worldwide. A growing number of studies reveal that human-induced changes interfere with natural and sexual selection. The aim of this thesis was to determine how environmental change alters sexual selection by using eutrophication of the breeding habitats of the threespine stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus as a model system. Sexual selection is an important evolutionary process, with consequences at individual, population and species level (Chapter I). The different parts of the thesis focus on the influence of eutrophication on mate detection, the use of visual and olfactory mate choice cues, and the distribution of mating success among nesting males.
In Chapter II and III, we simulate how phytoplankton turbidity decreases mate encounter rate by constraining the visual range. We show that the reduction in mate encounter rate is moderate at the breeding grounds in the Baltic Sea at normal spring bloom turbidity values. This suggests that phytoplankton turbidity is unlikely to decrease assortative mating due to increased search costs. Chapter IV shows that sticklebacks alter the use of cues used in mate choice when visibility decreases, reducing the use of visual cues and increasing the use of olfactory cues. Moreover changes in the water chemistry in eutrophied areas, caused by intensified photosynthetic production, seem to facilitate the use of olfactory cues (Chapter V). However, a field experiment revealed that breeding in eutrophied waters could be costly at both the individual and the population level, since more parasitized males received more eggs in eutrophied waters, although these males most likely are of low genetic quality (Chapter VI).
Eutrophication clearly affects mate choice and mate competition by influencing mate detection, mate assessment and the distribution of mates on the breeding grounds, but the consequences this may have on sexual selection on traits and ultimately on population dynamics and persistence remain unclear. The thesis shows the difficulty in predicting the consequences of human-induced environmental change on sexual selection at the individual and the population level.ei saavutettav
An increase in pH boosts olfactory communication in sticklebacks
No full textHuman-induced eutrophication is a serious environmental problem that constrains visual communication and influences the mate choice process in fishes. Eutrophication also changes the chemical environment and the pH of the water, which could influence the use of olfactory cues in mate choice. Here, we show that an increase in pH enhances the use of male olfactory cues in mate choice in three-spined sticklebacks, Gasterosteus aculeatus. In a laboratory choice experiment, gravid females were more attracted to male olfactory cues when pH was raised. This could compensate for impaired visual communication in eutrophied waters and facilitate adaptive mate choice.</p
Erratum to: Adult and offspring size in the ocean over 17 orders of magnitude follows two life history strategies
No full textIn Neuheimer et al. (2015), a conversion factor error regarding mysid and saggitoidea size resulted in errors to Fig. 2a, b; Tables 1–3 and Appendix A. The corrected figures, tables, and appendices are reproduced here. Note: forthe “Crustaceans: Other” group, the slope of the corrected adult vs. offspring size relationship is slightly but significantly less than 1 (0.90; Table 1; Fig. 2a).We apologize for these errors
Water Browning Influences the Behavioral Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Zooplankton
No full textIn the last decades, limnic water bodies in the Northern hemisphere have experienced a noticeable browning, i.e., increasing levels of dissolved organic matter (DOM). While the effects on primary producers is usually considered negative (light attenuation), zooplankton is thought to benefit from increased DOM, which absorbs harmful ultraviolet radiation (UVR). However, behavioral alterations due to browning in zooplankton have not yet been studied. We investigated the effects of a DOM gradient, alone and in combination with UVR, on the swimming behavior of Daphnia magna. Making use of a computer-controlled imaging system, we repeatedly filmed individuals over 6 h and analyzed the video material to unravel effects on exploration behavior and other motility patterns. The results show that increasing DOM buffers the detrimental effects of UVR on swimming behavior. This is likely due to attenuation of UVR by DOM. Interestingly, DOM also raised the overall swimming activity independent of UVR exposure. Our findings highlight the importance of DOM in freshwater systems, not only because of its physico-chemical properties, but also due to its higher-level effects on zooplankton communities
Adult and offspring size in the ocean over 17 orders of magnitude follows two life history strategies
No full textExplaining variability in offspring vs. adult size among groups is a necessary step to determine the evolutionary and environmental constraints shaping variability in life history strategies. This is of particular interest for life in the ocean where a diversity of offspring development strategies is observed along with variability in physical and biological forcing factors in space and time. We compiled adult and offspring size for 407 pelagic marine species covering more than 17 orders of magnitude in body mass including Cephalopoda, Cnidaria, Crustaceans, Ctenophora, Elasmobranchii, Mammalia, Sagittoidea, and Teleost. We find marine life following one of two distinct strategies, with offspring size being either proportional to adult size (e.g., Crustaceans, Elasmobranchii, and Mammalia) or invariant with adult size (e.g., Cephalopoda, Cnidaria, Sagittoidea, Teleosts, and possibly Ctenophora). We discuss where these two strategies occur and how these patterns (along with the relative size of the offspring) may be shaped by physical and biological constraints in the organism's environment. This adaptive environment along with the evolutionary history of the different groups shape observed life history strategies and possible group-specific responses to changing environmental conditions (e.g., production and distribution)
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