259 research outputs found
Phylogeography of the flathead mullet Mugil cephalus in the northwest Pacific as inferred from the mtDNA control region
No full textPhylogeography of northwest Pacific grey mullet Mugil cephalus based on two mitochondrial DNA gene sequences
No full textPhylogeography of Mugil cephalus in northwest Pacific based on mitochondrial DNA sequences
No full textSystematics of the grey mullets (Teleostei: Mugiliformes: Mugilidae): Molecular phylogenetic evidence challenges two centuries of morphology-based taxonomy
No full textPlio-Pleistocene sea level and temperature fluctuations in the northwestern Pacific promoted speciation in the globally-distributed flathead mullet <it>Mugil cephalus</it>
Full text linkAbstract Background The study of speciation in the marine realm is challenging because of the apparent absence of physical barriers to dispersal, which are one of the main drivers of genetic diversity. Although phylogeographic studies using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) information often reveal significant genetic heterogeneity within marine species, the evolutionary significance of such diversity is difficult to interpret with these markers. In the northwestern (NW) Pacific, several studies have emphasised the potential importance of sea-level regression during the most recent glaciations as a driver of genetic diversity in marine species. These studies have failed, however, to determine whether the period of isolation was long enough for divergence to attain speciation. Among these marine species, the cosmopolitan estuarine-dependent fish Mugil cephalus represents an interesting case study. Several divergent allopatric mtDNA lineages have been described in this species worldwide, and three occur in sympatry in the NW Pacific. Results Ten nuclear microsatellites were surveyed to estimate the level of genetic isolation of these lineages and determine the role of sea-level fluctuation in the evolution of NW Pacific M. cephalus. Three cryptic species of M. cephalus were identified within this region (NWP1, 2 and 3) using an assignment test on the microsatellite data. Each species corresponds with one of the three mtDNA lineages in the COI phylogenetic tree. NWP3 is the most divergent species, with a distribution range that suggests tropical affinities, while NWP1, with a northward distribution from Taiwan to Russia, is a temperate species. NWP2 is distributed along the warm Kuroshio Current. The divergence of NWP1 from NWP2 dates back to the Pleistocene epoch and probably corresponds to the separation of the Japan and China Seas when sea levels dropped. Despite their subsequent range expansion since this period of glaciation, no gene flow was observed among these three lineages, indicating that speciation has been achieved. Conclusions This study successfully identified three cryptic species in M. cephalus inhabiting the NW Pacific, using a combination of microsatellites and mitochondrial genetic markers. The current genetic architecture of the M. cephalus species complex in the NW Pacific is the result of a complex interaction of contemporary processes and historical events. Sea level and temperature fluctuations during Plio-Pleistocene epochs probably played a major role in creating the marine species diversity of the NW Pacific that is found today.</p
Torture in Light of the Bull Ad extirpanda (1252) of Pope Innocent IV
Full text linkW niniejszym artykule autor omawia treść bulli Ad extirpanda z 1252 r. i szuka odpowiedzi na pytanie dlaczego papież Innocenty IV zezwolił w niej władzy świeckiej i kościelnej na stosowanie tortur w procesach przeciwko heretykom. Dotyczyło to tak oskarżonych jak i świadków. Ceniony romanista, jakim był Sinibaldo Fieschi
działał w okresie średniowiecznej odnowy prawa rzymskiego. Niewątpliwie to, jak i wiele innych czynników, np. rozwój inkwizycji, rzutowało na decyzję papieża.
Sama kwestia tortur w bulli potraktowana została dość marginalnie, a dokument bardziej dotyczył postępowania inkwizycyjnego. W artykule dominuje metoda historyczno-prawna, ale autor sięga także do tych dogmatyczno-prawnych czy porównawczych. Zanim szczegółowo omówi treść bulli i racje jej ogłoszenia pochyla się
nad postacią i nauczaniem Innocentego IV, który między 1213, a 1225 r. studiował prawo w Bolonii. Bulla z 1252 r. była adresowana do przywódców wszystkich komun
Italii, czyli do podestów, rektorów, rad Lombardii, Romanii, Marchii Trewizańskiej. Tortury były środkiem do uzyskania przyznania się do winy, które było bardzo ważne w katalogu różnych środków dowodowych, jak przysięga stron, świadkowie, sądy boże czy dokumenty. Tortury w świetle konstytucji 25 omawianej bulli nie powinny
prowadzić do utraty członków ciała czy samego życia. Ich celem było doprowadzenie heretyków do wypowiedzenia swoich błędów i oskarżenia innych heretyków im znanych. Sama zaś procedura inkwizycyjna wzmacniała władzę papieża czy biskupów. Była bardziej racjonalna od ordaliów.In this paper, the author discusses the content of the bull Ad Extirpanda of 1252 and seeks an answer to the question why Pope Innocent IV allowed in it for secular
and ecclesiastical authorities to use torture in trials against heretics. This applied to both the accused and the witnesses. Sinibaldo Fieschi, the valued Romanist, was
active during the medieval renewal of Roman law. Undoubtedly, this and many other factors, such as the development of the Inquisition, influenced the Pope's decision. The very issue of torture in the bull was treated quite marginally, and the document was more concerned with inquisitorial proceedings. This paper is dominated by the historical and legal method, but the author also reaches for the dogmatic and legal or comparative methods. Before discussing in detail the content of the bull and the reasons for its announcement, the paper focuses on the figure and teaching of Innocent IV, who, between 1213 and 1225, studied law in Bologna. The bull of 1252 was addressed to the leaders of all Italian communes, i.e. to the podests, rectors, councils of Lombardy, Romagna, and the Marchia Tervisina. Torture was a means of obtaining a confession, which was very important in the catalogue of various sources of evidence, such as oaths sworn by the parties, witnesses, God's judgments, or documents. In light of Constitution 25 of the bull in question torture should not lead to the loss of body members or life itself. It purpose was to get heretics to recant their errors and accuse other heretics known to them. The inquisitorial procedure itself strengthened the power of the Pope and the bishops. It was more rational than trial by [email protected] Opolski (University of Opole, Poland)Amielańczyk K., Quaestio per tormenta. O wartości dowodowej zeznań uzyskanych za pomocą tortur w rzymskim procesie karnym okresu pryncypatu, [w:] O prawie
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2019, t. 24.22143545
Portfolio of recorded performances and exegesis: Messiaen’s musical language for the jazz pianist - an exploration through performance.
Full text linkMoving beyond Gunther Schuller’s Third Stream amalgamation of classical and jazz, this study explores whether the musical language of Olivier Messiaen can make a valid contribution to jazz piano performance. Initially, my project sought to answer such questions as: What elements of the musical language of Messiaen already exist in the jazz vocabulary? Am I able to extend this further? What are the timbral structures and pianistic effects within Messiaen’s musical language? What will be the most effective application of Messiaen’s musical language to jazz piano performance? Endeavouring to answer the final question led me to consider such aspects as whether the project should be limited to quoting Messiaen motifs, arranging Messiaen melodies, replacing jazz harmonic structures on standards with examples from Messiaen’s musical language or whether it would be better to approach the research conceptually. The work of Hubert Nuss provided encouraging reassurance that this was not an impossible task. In order to articulate this conception, the initial challenge was to decide how the classical and jazz worlds might meet in a ‘Messiaen’ technique. The approach adopted was similar to that used for undergraduate jazz study, namely, immersion in the piano scores and recordings of Messiaen’s music as well as by live performances. This was followed by the development and assessment of a contrived approach when specific techniques, such as tonal colourings or harmonic structures, were developed through prepared exercises and consciously included in my performance. It was then compared with an intuitive approach when no such precise parameters were established. This submission consists of CD recordings of two public recitals and an exegesis. It documents the development of this Messiaen technique and discusses its application in my performances. It also demonstrates the ways that Messiaen’s musical language can be used within jazz piano performance to provide a colour that distinguishes jazz piano performance in a competitive field.Thesis (M.Mus.) -- University of Adelaide, Elder Conservatorium of Music, 201
Phylogeography of the flathead mullet Mugil cephalus in the north-west Pacific as inferred from the mtDNA control region
No full textThe population genetic structure and historical demography of the flathead mullet Mugil cephalus were investigated using the mtDNA control region (CR) sequences (909-1015 bp) of 126 individuals collected from seven locations in the north-west Pacific between 2005 and 2007. Haplotype diversity (h = 0 center dot 9333-1 center dot 000) and nucleotide diversity (pi = 0 center dot 0046-0 center dot 1467) varied greatly among the sampling locations. Phylogenetic analysis of the CR sequences indicated that M. cephalus in the north-west Pacific belongs to two highly divergent lineages (lineages 1 and 2), with the inferred population structure being closely associated with the distribution of both lineages. Two populations were identified, one from the East China Sea and the other from the South China Sea. The former samples were obtained from Taiwan and Qingdao of north China and associated with lineage 1 haplotypes. The latter samples were collected from the Philippines, Pearl River of South China and two samples from Japan, all of which were associated with lineage 2. Japanese samples from Okinawa and Yokosuka had different degrees of mixing between lineages 1 and 2. Historical demographic variables in both populations indicated that Pleistocene glaciations had a strong impact on M. cephalus in the north-west Pacific, resulting in a recent demographic decline of the East China Sea population but in demographic equilibrium for the South China Sea population. Japan appears to be a contact zone between lineages 1 and 2, but it may also be indicative of coexistence between resident and migratory populations. Further global studies are required to clarify the taxonomic status of this cosmopolitan species
Our brothers across the ocean? : Unionist diplomacy, the Lansdown Foreign Office, and the Anglo-American 'special relationship', 1900-1905
Full text linkThis study is intended as a detailed exploration of British diplomacy with the United States in the first five years of the twentieth century, that is, the period during
which the Marquis of Lansdowne presided at the Foreign Office. Without doubt, this was a critical time in the readjustment (both in substance and style) of Anglo-American
diplomatic relations, initiating the amicable 'special relationship' which, broadly speaking, has endured to the present day. The efforts made by Lansdowne and the
Unionist Administration to 'clear the slate' of nagging Anglo-American disputes, and to encourage a closer diplomatic bond, helped to bring to an end decades of mutual
suspicion and antagonism, whilst representing a significant change of course for British foreign policy. In this light, the study here presented aims to provide a close analysis of
the Unionist Government's American diplomacy, their motives and diplomatic ambitions, in the appropriate imperial and strategic contexts.
An examination of this topic prompts the conclusion that, although Lansdowne fully appreciated the importance of Anglo-American friendship, he approached each dispute with a separate agenda, always gauging the strength of
American feeling before committing himself to a set policy. Lansdowne was perfectly prepared to concede non-vital interests to the United States in the Western Hemisphere
when serious tension arose, and this was particularly evident during the Isthmian canal and Alaskan boundary negotiations. With these two issues successfully concluded, the rapprochement was effectively ensured. Thus, Lansdowne's determination to uphold British interests (and those of her Western Hemispheric colonies), while occasionally placing a strain on Anglo-American relations, threatened no lasting danger. Above all, Britain relied upon vocal protestations of friendship, both for the United States and the Monroe Doctrine, to extinguish the risks of serious diplomatic tension and to cement a permanent friendship.
The major successes of Anglo-American relations, however, came to an abrupt end after the Alaskan verdict of late 1903, and a barren period followed. The
relationship had been set upon an entirely new course, but hopes for an Anglo- American partnership, sadly, remained hazy, naive, and frequently ill-conceived. In the Far East, where British and American interests broadly coincided, no joint policy emerged; instead, the two nations became separated over their responses to the Russo-Japanese conflict. Equally, the outstanding issues in North America proved incapable of settlement.
Although these final stages of Lansdowne's American diplomacy were marred by diplomatic inactivity and occasional friction, the Unionists' contribution to the Anglo-American 'special relationship' left an impressive and lasting legacy. By 1905, Britain and the United States, while not formally allied, had at least become mutually sympathetic. This was an essential factor in the readjustment of British global strategy, allowing Britain to abandon her defences in the Western Hemisphere and despatch her forces to more pressing areas of the globe
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