1,720,973 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Oral bioavailability of drugs and drug formulations:The interplay of dissolution, colloidal phases, and permeation
No full textBiofarmaceutisk karakterisering af innovative lægemiddelformuleringer, der har til formål at øgebiotilgængeligheden af især tungtopløselige lægemiddelstoffer, er udfordrende. Efter oral indtagelseaf disse formuleringer kan lægemiddelstoffet ofte forefindes i adskillige former: fast (krystallinsk elleramorft), opløst (eventuelt overmættet) og associeret med solubiliserende bestanddele (fx kolloidefaser såsom miceller). Tit mangler vi viden om, hvordan disse forskellige lægemiddelstofformerbidrager til den samlede absorption (dvs. oral biotilgængelighed). Opløsningsprocessen bruges ofte tilat forudsige, hvordan en lægemiddelformulering opfører sig in vivo. Når man undersøgeropløsningsprocessen af innovative lægemiddelformuleringer, som skaber en overmættet opløsning,kan en mere akkurat forudsigelse opnås ved at inkludere et kompartment, der kan optagelægemiddelstoffet. Dette forsøgsdesign afspejler in vivo situationen, hvor opløsning og absorption skersamtidigt, mere nøjagtig. Desværre er kapaciteten af disse forsøgsopstillinger med to kompartementer(på engelsk: coupled dissolution/permeation approaches) ofte lav pga. permeationsbarrierensbeskaffenhed og forsøgsenhedens design.Tesens formål var at undersøge om kapaciteten af coupled dissolution/permeation approaches kunneøges. Et andet formål var at opnå en bedre forståelse af, hvordan opløsningsprocessen, kolloide faserog permeation påvirker hinanden, og hvordan dette samspil påvirker den orale optagelse aflægemiddelstoffer. Dette samspil skulle undersøges ved hjælp af den førnævnte to-kompartmentmetode. For at undersøge tesens første formål blev en 96-brønds plade med to kompartementer, somadskilles vha. Permeapad® barrieren, udviklet. Udviklingen skete i samarbejde med enindustripartner. For at evaluere den nyudviklede plade blev permeationen af 14 modelstoffer testet ogpermeationsværdierne blev sammenlignet med andre metoder til evaluering af oral absorption (fx Faog in vitro permeationstest). Denne evaluering viste at 96-brønds pladen havde et stort potentiale tilat opnå en højere kapacitet. Således blev en forsøgsprotokol til coupled dissolution/permeation i 96-brønds pladen udviklet. Til dette formål blev en amorf formulering af tadalafil brugt som eksempel ogsamtidig blev forskellige forsøgsparametre evalueret. Denne nye forsøgsprotokol var i stand til atafspejle absorptionen af tadalafil i rotter mere akkurat ift. en traditionel undersøgelse afopløselighedsprocessen, hvor kun ét kompartment var inkluderet. For at undersøge tesens andetformål blev en amorf fosfolipidbaseret formulering fremstillet. I denne formulering var celecoxibfordelt i en fosfolipid matrix, som under opløselighedsprocessen danner solubiliserende kolloide faser.To forskellige fosfolipider, som skulle danne forskellige kolloide faser, blev for første gangsammenlignet systematisk vha. et opløselighedsstudie, et coupled dissolution/permeation-studie og etAF4-MALLS-studie. De to fosfolipidformuleringer var forskellige med hensyn til opløselighed, men medhensyn til coupled dissolution/permeation opførte de sig ens. Efterfølgende blev celecoxib absorptionenundersøgt i rotter for at sammenligne disse modsigende in vitro resultater med situationen in vivo.Både absorptionsforsøget i rotter og coupled dissolution/permeation-forsøget førte til konklusionen:Celecoxib absorptionen blev øget vha. overmætning, hvis denne opretholdes. Den totale ’opløselighed’og de kolloide fasers beskaffenhed var derimod mindre afgørende for celecoxib absorptionen.Biopharmaceutical characterisation of enabling formulations is challenging. Upon ingestionof an enabling formulation, the drug is often present in various states: solid (i.e. crystalline oramorphous), dissolved (i.e. eventually supersaturated) and associated with solubilizingconstituents (e.g. colloidal phases such as micelles). How the different states of drug presentin the gastrointestinal tract contribute to overall drug absorption (i.e. oral bioavailability) isoften not well understood. It has been demonstrated that the in vivo performance ofsupersaturating enabling formulations can be predicted more accurately when testingdissolution in an absorptive environment. This experimental design is closer to the in vivosituation where dissolution and permeation happen concurrently. Unfortunately, thethroughput of these coupled dissolution/permeation approaches is often low due to e.g. thenature of the permeation barrier and the design of the device.The aim of this thesis was to explore if coupled dissolution/permeation approaches withhigher throughput could be developed. Furthermore, this thesis strived to gain a betterunderstanding of the interplay of dissolution, colloidal phases, and permeation leading to oralabsorption. For this purpose, dissolution/permeation approaches were regarded as useful.Together with an industry partner, a 96-well plate with two compartments and comprisingthe Permeapad® barrier was developed – the starting point to obtain the desired throughputprofile. Permeability studies using 14 model compounds followed by comparison to variousmeasures for oral absorption (i.e. Fa and permeability assays) showed the potential of thisindustrially produced tool. A protocol for dissolution/permeation screening in 96-well formatwas developed using a tadalafil ASD as example formulation and by evaluating differentexperimental parameters. As compared to traditional dissolution testing, the novel protocolpredicted the formulations’ in vivo performance more accurately. To study the interplay ofdissolution, colloidal phases and permeation in detail, solid phospholipid dispersions wereprepared. Here, (amorphous) celecoxib was embedded in a phospholipid matrix, which upondispersion formed solubilizing colloids. For the first time, two phospholipids, monoacyl anddiacyl phospholipid forming different colloids, were systematically compared in an(apparent) solubility, a dissolution/permeation, and an AF4-MALLS study. Interestingly,monoacyl and diacyl formulations differed in terms of solubility but were equal in terms ofdissolution/permeation behaviour. To relate the in vitro findings to the in vivo scenario,celecoxib absorption from monoacyl and diacyl formulations was studied in rats. Inconclusion, both the in vitro dissolution/permeation study and the in vivo study showed:Inducing and maintaining supersaturation governs oral absorption whereas thesolubilization capacity and the morphology of the colloidal phases seem to be less important.<br/
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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