635 research outputs found
Market Value and Patent Citations: A First Look
No full textAs patent data become more available in machine-readable form, an increasing number of researchers have begun to use measures based on patents and their citations as indicators of technological output and information flow. This paper explores the economic meaning of these citation-based patent measures using the financial market valuation of the firms that own the patents. Using a new and comprehensive dataset containing over 4800 U. S. Manufacturing firms and their patenting activity for the past 30 years, we explore the contributions of R&D spending, patents, and citation-weighted patents to measures of Tobin's Q for the firms. We find that citation-weighted patent stocks are more highly correlated with market value than patent stocks themselves and that this fact is due mainly to the high valuation placed on firms that hold very highly cited patents.
Eliezer Drucker papers 1890-1916
No full textConsists primarily of Responsa in Hebrew, containing replies to practical questions involving Jewish law and ritual submitted by congregants and other Jews in the communities Drucker served as a Rabbi; includes also correspondence with prominent American Orthodox rabbis, among whom are Rabbi's Jacob Joseph, Solomon Jaffe, Jacob Ridbaz and Hayyim Jacob Vidrowitz, and newspaper clippings reflecting on Drucker's career, family and communal activitie
Market Demand, Technological Opportunity and Research Spillovers on R&D Intensity and Productivity Growth
No full textThis paper uses sales and patent distribution data to establish the market and technological "positions" of firms. A notion of technological proximity of firms is developed in order to quantify potential R&D spillovers. The importance of the position variables and the potential spilover pool in explaining R&D intensity, patent productivity and TFP growth is explored.I find that both technological and market positions are signifi-cant in explaining R&D intensity, and that the technological effects are significant in explaining patent productivity. I cannot distinguish between the two effects in explaining TFP growth. Spillovers are important in all three contexts. Firms in an area where there is a high level of research by other firms do more R&D themselves, they produce more patents per R&D dollar, and their productivity grows faster, even controlling for the increased R&D and patents. These effects are present controlling for both industry and technological position effects.
The Portrayal of the Irish English Accent in Critical Role : From Mollymauk to Lucien, from Taliesin Jaffe to Matthew Mercer
No full textThe study aims to investigate the differences between Taliesin Jaffe and Matthew Mercer’s portrayals of a standard Irish English accent in Critical Role in their respective performances of the character Mollymauk/Lucien. Using previous studies on Irish English pronunciation, the presence of each established feature was investigated to find how authentically the actors succeed to produce the accent. The main features investigated were the rhoticity, plosivization of /θ/ and /ð/, lenition of /t/ and /d/, yod-dropping, diphthongs, and some monophthongs. Using transcripts to locate the instances of said features, the audio of the footage was studied to discover whether the phonemes were produced in accordance with the proposed realizations within Irish English. Both actors were found to excel and struggle with different features, with plosivization of /θ/ and /ð/, lenition of /t/ and /d/, and aspects of yod-dropping proving especially difficult to consistently produce in accordance with supraregional Irish English. The study concluded that neither accent comes close to achieving an authentic Irish English accent and that both portrayals share many similarities with each other, as well as overlapping with the actors’ native General American accent, especially in cases where Irish English and General American shared potential realizations of phonemes
Sources and budgets for CO and O-3 in the northeastern Pacific during the spring of 2001: Results from the PHOBEA-II Experiment
No full textGround and airborne measurements of CO, ozone, and aerosols were obtained in the northeastern (NE) Pacific troposphere during 9 March–31 May 2001 as part of the PHOBEA-II project (Photochemical Ozone Budget of the Eastern North Pacific Atmosphere). The GEOS-CHEM global three-dimensional model of tropospheric chemistry was used for flight planning, as well as for data analysis after the field mission to examine the origin of CO and ozone over the NE Pacific. The model successfully reproduces the observed CO levels, their temporal variability, and vertical gradients, strongly suggesting a good understanding of the sources, transport and chemistry of CO in the NE Pacific. For ozone the model underestimates mean surface observations by 8 ppbv, overestimates aircraft profiles by 5 ppbv, and does not reproduce the temporal variability of the observations. Possible explanations for model error in the ozone simulation are discussed. We find a pervasive influence of Asian and European anthropogenic sources on the levels of CO in the NE Pacific troposphere. In the 0–6 km column over our surface site, Asian and European emissions account for 33% (42 ppbv) and 15% (21 ppbv) of CO, respectively. Asian and European emissions are responsible for smaller fractions of the 0–6 km ozone column, 12% (5 ppbv) and 5% (2 ppbv), respectively. The full influence of Asian emissions (including secondary ozone production by export of its precursors) approaches 16% of ozone. The model successfully captures three intercontinental transport events observed during the PHOBEA-II campaign: one at the surface and two in the free troposphere. While all three events were characterized by large CO enhancements (by 20–40 ppbv), only one case showed significant ozone enhancement (by 20 ppbv), induced by high-latitude transport of Asian pollution mixed in with stratospheric ozone
THE RESTRUCTURING OF JAPANESE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT: THE INCREASING IMPACT OF SCIENCE ON JAPANESE R&D
No full textConcerns about the competitiveness of Japan's high-technology industries has prompted a number of recent reforms seeking to strengthen the ability of Japanese firms to utilize scientific discoveries, often originating in universities, in their R&D activities. Using an original panel data set comprised of over 300 leading Japanese R&D-performing firms, we seek to measure changes in the connection between science and Japanese industrial technology by using data on the citations to scientific articles appearing in the U.S. patents of these firms. Econometric analysis suggests that this connection is substantial, that it has grown over time, and that it contributes significantly to the research productivity of Japanese firms. Our data suggest that scientific research originating outside Japan, particularly in the United States, generates a particularly important component of these knowledge spillovers, and that measured knowledge flows are systematically related to firms' efforts to forge research alliances with American firms and universities. We integrate our econometric findings with data on the scientific publications of Japanese firms as well as a series of semi-structured interviews with Japanese R&D managers, academic scientists, and other experts. These various sources reveal that the interaction between Japanese firms and universities, domestic and foreign, is complex and takes a number of forms, only some of which are well captured by our data. The implications of this for public policy and for future research on this topic are discussed at length.
The Causes of Existential International Emnity
No full textPh.D.In this dissertation, I undertake three closely linked research projects. First, I make the case for restructuring the literature on international rivalries, or cases of long-lasting conflict between states. Although I find flaws in all existing empirical and theoretical arguments for using ‘rivalry’ as a distinct variable in international relations scholarship, a careful analysis of the statistics and intuitions marshalled in support of those arguments yields compelling grounds for adopting a modified variable. This variable is the degree of inconsistency between states’ preferences, considered in isolation from the strategies chosen by states to realize their preferences. I label this kind of inconsistency ‘enmity,’ refer to its extensiveness as its ‘breadth,’ and describe the broadest enmities as ‘existential’ ones. Second, I propose a research agenda for a rivalry literature reoriented toward investigating the broadening of enmity. I propose three explanatory models of enmity broadening: a stochastic model, drawing largely on structural realism, depicts enmities as accumulations of unrelated disagreements. A spiral model, drawing largely on social constructivism, suggests that initial disagreements spur increasingly hostile states to find additional areas of disagreement. And a philosophical model, drawing on a new theoretical approach that views actors’ political preferences as reflections of their underlying philosophies, explains particularly broad enmities as reflections of deep-seated ideational inconsistencies between states.
Third, I demonstrate the practicality of my proposed research agenda by conducting a case study to test these explanatory models. In the case study, I trace the processes responsible for the emergence of several Arab-Israeli enmities, and conclude that my philosophical model best accounts for these enmities: the stochastic model cannot explain why distinct Israeli and Arab societies emerged at all, and the spiral model cannot explain why low-level rural conflict resulted in broader enmities between urban policymakers. However, the philosophical model fills these gaps in the other models’ historical accounts by explaining Arab leaders’ preferences as the result of their understanding of Zionism as the implementation of a philosophical principle – an unnatural, unspiritual materialism – that threatened their existence and thus inclined them toward the broadest possible enmity with an emerging Israel
Rewarding Innovation: Improving Federal Tax Support for Business R&D in Canada
No full textBusiness innovation is viewed by many as a solution to Canada’s ailing productivity performance. One of the more troubling aspects of Canada’s innovation track record is that businesses spend relatively little on research and development (R&D) despite having access to some of the world’s most generous R&D tax incentives. Canada’s low levels of business R&D have called into question the effectiveness of Canada’s generous R&D tax incentives, particularly the flagship federal Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) program. A deeper analysis, however, reveals that tax incentives are effective in stimulating more R&D – that is, Canada would have lower levels of business R&D in the absence of these inducements. Instead, the root cause of Canada’s business R&D deficit appears to stem from structural aspects of the economy and, more importantly, a lack of demand-related pressure to pursue innovation.Fiscal and Tax Competitiveness, Canada, research and development (R&D) incentives, Scientific Research and Experimental Development (SR&ED) program
RoMEO Studies 4: An analysis of Journal publishers' Copyright Agreements
No full textThis article is the fourth in a series of six emanating from the UK JISC-funded RoMEO Project (Rights Metadata for Open archiving). It describes an analysis of 80 scholarly journal publishers’ copyright agreements with a particular view to their effect on author self-archiving. 90% of agreements asked for copyright transfer and 69% asked for it prior to refereeing the paper. 75% asked authors to warrant that their work had not been previously published although only two explicitly stated that they viewed self-archiving as prior publication. 28.5% of agreements provided authors with no usage rights over their own paper. Although 42.5% allowed self-archiving in some format, there was no consensus on the conditions under which self-archiving could take place. The article concludes that author-publisher copyright agreements should be reconsidered by a working party representing the needs of both partie
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