1,721,481 research outputs found
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Obesity, from Physiology to Clinic, in Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Emergency
No full textDans ce travail, nous décrivons les conséquences physiologiques et physiopathologiques de l'obésité, ainsi que les difficultés techniques et logistiques de la prise en charge clinique. Puis, nous étudions les caractéristiques de la prise en charge des patients obèses et obèses morbides aux urgences, au bloc opératoire et en réanimation, ainsi que les modifications de la fonction respiratoire liées à l'obésité morbide et à la perte de poids. Aux urgences, nous démontrons que les patients obèses (IMC et#8805; 30 kg/m²) ont un capital veineux moins accessible et sont plus difficiles à perfuser que les non obèses. En physiologie clinique, nous avons pu confirmer l'absence de variation de la CRF en position couchée et démontrer pour la première fois l'effet de la perte de poids et de la position couchée sur les variations de la CRF. Au bloc opératoire, nous montrons que la préoxygénation des obèses morbides est optimisée par la ventilation non invasive (VNI), qui permet une augmentation rapide et importante de la fraction expirée en oxygène (FEo2) que la préoxygénation classique. Nous montrons aussi que la position assise à 45° associée à la VNI n'améliore pas la préoxygénation chez l'obèse morbide comparé à la VNI seule. Enfin, nous rapportons que les patients obèses médicaux en réanimation se caractérisent par une surmortalité, qui persiste un an après la sortie de l'hôpital, alors que les patients obèses chirurgicaux bénéficient d'un effet protecteur qui persiste jusqu'à un an. Nos travaux proposent la mise en place de nouvelles techniques afin d'optimiser les conditions de prise en charge spécifiques des patients obèses aux urgences, au bloc opératoire et en réanimation.To specifically address arising issues in managing obese patients, we have developed a physiological and a clinical approach. We first describe the physiological and pathophysiological consequences of obesity, as well as the technical and logistic difficulties in obese patient management. We then underline respiratory alterations in morbid obesity and study characteristics of obese and morbidly obese patients' care in the emergency department (ED), the operating room (OR) and the intensive care unit (ICU).In the ED, we demonstrate that obese patients (BMI ³ 30 kg/m2) are more difficult to perfuse than normal weight patients. In clinical physiology, as for alterations in respiratory function induced by obesity, we confirm the maintained functional residual capacity (FRC) in morbidly obese patients adopting a supine position and we further demonstrate for the first time, the effect of weight loss on postural changes in FRC, from the sitting to the supine position in a same individual.In the OR, we show that obese patient's pre-oxygenation can be optimized by using non-invasive ventilation (NIV), thus allowing a better and faster FeO2 increase than classical pre-oxygenation with spontaneous ventilation. We also demonstrate that combining a upright position at 45° to non invasive ventilation (NIV) does not improve pre-oxygenation in the morbidly obese patients. In the ICU, we show that medical obese patients show a higher mortality, whereas surgical obese patients benefit from a protective effect of obesity up to one year after hospital leave. In light of our data, we propose new techniques to specifically optimize obese patient management in the ED, OR and in the ICU
Pain, neurological and psychological disorders acquired in adult intensive care unit : physiopathology et management
No full textLes patients hospitalisés en réanimation présentent fréquemment des troubles neurologiques (troubles de la vigilance, troubles du sommeil, dysfonctions cognitives multiples, confusion mentale), psychologiques (anxiété, dépression, syndromes délirants), des syndromes douloureux et de l'inconfort. Ces troubles ont en commun : la problématique de leur définition et de leur reconnaissance par l'équipe de réanimation, leur expression fréquente par un comportement d'agitation, une association avec la réponse de stress post-agressive rencontrée au cours des pathologies traitées en réanimation. La physiopathologie de ces troubles est complexe, impliquant à la fois la pathologie qui a déterminé l'hospitalisation du patient en réanimation, ses antécédents médicaux, mais aussi la réanimation elle-même par les thérapeutiques invasives qui y sont utilisées, ainsi que la sédation médicamenteuse ou le coma artificiel. En outre, ces troubles peuvent être associés dans leur expression comme dans leur détermination, certain pouvant être cause ou conséquence d'un autre. L'objectif de cette thèse était de montrer qu'une prise en charge diagnostique et thérapeutique rationalisée de la douleur, des troubles neurologiques et psychologiques était associée à un meilleur pronostic du patient en réanimation.Patients who are hospitalized in Intensive Care Units (ICU) develop frequent neurological disorders (vigilance disorders, sleep disorders, multiple cognitive disorders, delirium), psychological disorders (anxiety, depression, delusion), pain syndrom and discomfort. These disorders have jointly the problem of their definition and recognition by the ICU team, their frequent expression by an agitated behaviour, an association with the post-aggressive stress response affecting pathologies treated in the ICU setting. The physiopathology of these disorders is complex, implying both the pathology which had determined the admission of the patient to the ICU and his/her medical history, but also either the invasive therapeutics used by the intensive medicine and the administration of sedatives or therapeutic coma. Moreover, theses disorders can be associated either in their expression and their cause, some of them able to be a cause or a consequence of another. The objective of this thesis was to show that a rationalized diagnostic and therapeutic management of pain, neurological and psychological disorders was associated with a better outcome of the patient in the ICU
Diaphragmatic and infectious complications of prolonged mechanical ventilation : pathophysiology and treatments perspectives
No full textLa VC est nécessaire à la survie des patients les plus graves et impose le plus souvent sédation profonde et une mise au repos des muscles respiratoires. Si la VC est un traitement de référence en cas d'insuffisance respiratoire aigüe, elle peut cependant entraîner une altération des propriétés contractiles du diaphragme, principal muscle respiratoire, et promouvoir la survenue d'infections nosocomiales, pulmonaires en particulier. Dans ce travail, nous avons tout d'abord montré les effets délétères d'une VC de courte durée en acidose hypercapnique aigüe puis nous avons montré les effets protecteurs de l'acidose hypercapnique modérée et prolongée et du maintien de cycles ventilatoires spontanés sur la dysfonction diaphragmatique en comparaison à la VC. Deuxièmement, dans le cadre des effets délétères de la ventilation prolongée sur l'incidence des complications infectieuses pulmonaires nosocomiales, nous avons rapporté l'intérêt de la prise en compte des facteurs de risque de bactéries multi-résistantes dans le traitement des Pneumonie Acquise sous Ventilation Mécanique (PAVM) et avons ensuite montré l'apport de la surveillance de la colonisation trachéale dans le diagnostic et le traitement précoce de la PAVM. Finalement, nous présentons les perspectives d'interactions entre dysfonction diaphragmatique et sepsis, en particulier d'origine pulmonaire à travers nos projets de travaux expérimentaux et cliniques.Mechanical ventilation (MV) is a life saving procedure for critically ill and often needs deep sedation and rest muscles. Although MV is a basic treatment for acute respiratory failure, it can alter diaphragmatic contractile properties (Ventilator Induced Diaphragmatic Dysfunction, VIDD) and can promote nosocomial infections, Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) in particular. In this thesis, we first showed the deleterious effects of acute hypercapnic acidosis and the protective effects of both moderate and prolonged hypercapnic acidosis and by maintaining spontaneous ventilation activity while initiating MV in a healthy piglet model. Second, we reported the potential impact of considering tracheal colonisation as a guide for an early diagnosis and adequate initial treatment of VAP. Finally, we present the potential interactions and futures animal and clinical studies suggesting the potential interaction between VIDD and VAP
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