1,720,964 research outputs found
A role for myelin-derived lipids in the induction of an anti-inflammatory phenotype in macrophages
No full textMultiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease, characterized by chronic inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). Macrophages (M') play a central role in the disease process of MS by phagocytosing myelin and releasing inflammatory and toxic mediators in the CNS. However, recent evidence has revealed the presence of a more M2, anti-inflammatory phenotype of M' in MS, especially following myelin phagocytosis. The myelin component inducing the M2 phenotype, however, is not yet known. We hypothesized that myelin-derived lipids may be responsible for the M2 phenotype. Indeed, phosphatidylserine (PS), a myelin-derived lipid induces an M2 phenotype in macrophages. Moreover, PS loaded liposome administration in an in vivo chronic EAE rat model resulted in significantly lower EAE scores and weight loss compared to control animals. These results suggest that PS loaded liposomes are likely to have a therapeutic effect in inflammatory diseases such as EAE and MS
A role for myelin-derived lipids in the induction of an anti-inflammatory phenotype in macrophages
No full textMultiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease, characterized by chronic inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system (CNS). Macrophages (M') play a central role in the disease process of MS by phagocytosing myelin and releasing inflammatory and toxic mediators in the CNS. However, recent evidence has revealed the presence of a more M2, anti-inflammatory phenotype of M' in MS, especially following myelin phagocytosis. The myelin component inducing the M2 phenotype, however, is not yet known. We hypothesized that myelin-derived lipids may be responsible for the M2 phenotype. Indeed, phosphatidylserine (PS), a myelin-derived lipid induces an M2 phenotype in macrophages. Moreover, PS loaded liposome administration in an in vivo chronic EAE rat model resulted in significantly lower EAE scores and weight loss compared to control animals. These results suggest that PS loaded liposomes are likely to have a therapeutic effect in inflammatory diseases such as EAE and MS
ApoA-I mimetic peptide 5A boosts remyelination by promoting myelin debris clearance
No full textArticle The ApoA-I mimetic peptide 5A enhances remyelination by promoting clearance and degradation of myelin debris Graphical abstract Highlights d ApoA-I mimetic peptide 5A enhances remyelination in a phagocyte-dependent manner d In addition to promoting lipid efflux, peptide 5A enhances clearance of myelin debris d Peptide 5A drives clearance of myelin debris via the fatty acid translocase CD3
ApoA-I mimetic peptide 5A boosts remyelination by promoting myelin debris clearance
No full textArticle The ApoA-I mimetic peptide 5A enhances remyelination by promoting clearance and degradation of myelin debris Graphical abstract Highlights d ApoA-I mimetic peptide 5A enhances remyelination in a phagocyte-dependent manner d In addition to promoting lipid efflux, peptide 5A enhances clearance of myelin debris d Peptide 5A drives clearance of myelin debris via the fatty acid translocase CD3
Altered PPARγ Expression Promotes Myelin-Induced Foam Cell Formation in Macrophages in Multiple Sclerosis
No full textMacrophages play a crucial role during the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system. Important regulators of the metabolic and inflammatory phenotype of macrophages are liver X receptors (LXRs) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). Previously, it has been reported that PPAR gamma expression is decreased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of MS patients. The goal of the present study was to determine to what extent PPAR gamma, as well as the closely related nuclear receptors PPAR alpha and beta and LXR alpha and beta, are differentially expressed in monocytes from MS patients and how this change in expression affects the function of monocyte-derived macrophages. We demonstrate that monocytes of relapsing-remitting MS patients display a marked decrease in PPAR gamma expression, while the expression of PPAR alpha and LXR alpha/beta is not altered. Interestingly, exposure of monocyte-derived macrophages from healthy donors to MS-associated proinflammatory cytokines mimicked this reduction in PPAR gamma expression. While a reduced PPAR gamma expression did not affect the inflammatory and phagocytic properties of myelin-loaded macrophages, it did impact myelin processing by increasing the intracellular cholesterol load of myelin-phagocytosing macrophages. Collectively, our findings indicate that an inflammation-induced reduction in PPAR gamma expression promotes myelin-induced foam cell formation in macrophages in MS.Hendriks, JJA (corresponding author), Hasselt Univ, Biomed Res Inst, Dept Immunol & Infect, B-3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
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