4,382 research outputs found
Taxonomic clarification and neotype designation of two Taiwanese salamanders (Amphibia, Urodela, Hynobiidae)
No full textNishikawa, Kanto, Ju, Yu-Ten, Jheng, Sheng-Wun, Lin, You-Zhu, Hara, Sotaro, Lai, June-Shiang, Lin, Si-Min, Lue, Kuang-Yang (2021): Taxonomic clarification and neotype designation of two Taiwanese salamanders (Amphibia, Urodela, Hynobiidae). Zootaxa 4981 (1): 188-196, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4981.1.1
The research of Hwang You-Di's music educational ideals
No full textThe purpose of this research is to record Professor Hwang\ue2s lifetime story, and to confer his music educational ideals. In order to let the splendor of the sage obvious for ever, and set an example for next generation to act up to. For this reason, this research applied qualitative research by using two ways of interviews and document analysis. So as to go on a pilgrimage to Professor Hwang\ue2s plentiful and applausive life, and explore his erudite and amiable music educational ideals.
The main results of this study concluded five chapters: Chapter One is a preface to illustrate research motive, purpose, method, and thesis framework. Chapter Two and Three is to display Professor Hwang\ue2s lifetime story, and music educational conduct. Chapter Four is to confer Professor Hwang\ue2s music educational ideals. Chapter Five is to draw conclusions.
According to this research, we can find Professor Hwang\ue2s life course is like a developing history of Chinese contemporary music, and his music educational ideals, seeming so amiable but remarkable, are blended into his regular life
Automatic Facial Image Annotation and Retrieval by Integrating Voice Label and Visual Appearance
No full textAnnotation is important for managing and retrieving a large amount of photos, but it is generally labor-intensive and time-consuming. However, speaking while taking photos is straightforward and effortless, and using voice for annotation is faster than typing words. To best reduce the manual cost of annotating photos, we propose a novel framework which utilizes the scarce spoken annotations recorded while capturing as voice labels and automatically label every facial image in the photo collection. To accomplish this goal, we employ a probabilistic graphical model which integrates voice labels and visual appearances for inference. Combined with group prior estimation and gender attribute association, we can achieve an outstanding performance on the proposed synthesized group photo collections
Free thinking - running
No full textWe've been running for two million years give or take. Shahidha Bari and Laurence Scott explore contemporary running as solitary inspiration and communal activity with the Geographer and 1999 Scottish Hill Running Champion, Hayden Lorimer, the artists Kai Syng Tan and Angus Farquhar, and the literary scholar and bare-foot artiste, Vybarr Cregan-Reid. Conversation ranges from feeling empowered on city streets to teaming up with the wind to the horrid history of the treadmill and explore whether Running deserves better representation in the arts. Guests: Vybarr Cregan-Reid - author of Footnotes How Running Makes Us Human Angus Farquhar, Creative Director of NVA Public Art, author of a blog 'The Grim Runner' Hayden Lorimer Running Geographer Kai Syng Tan, Artist and curator of a biennial festival Run Run Run Producer: Jacqueline Smith
DSP-Assisted Wireless Transmitter System and Architecture Designs for Power Efficiency Enhancement
No full text一般來說，功率放大器（PA）是傳收機中最耗電的設備之一。因此，PA效率愈高，手機便可以使用愈久。功效和線性度是決定無線發射機性能的兩個關鍵參數。PA的線性度與功效必須有所取捨。也就是說，當我們得到較高的線性度，功效便降低。最近無線通訊系統採用先進的調變技術，以符合頻譜效率不斷增加的需求。使用這些複雜的調變和多載波造成包絡變化，迫使PA大幅回退工作以滿足無線通訊標準的線性度要求。然而，回退工作導致PA低效率。此外，類比/RF元件易受製成變異影響並使得發射機系統遭受非線性與失真問題。數位信號處理 （DSP）能比類比電路更準確地計算信號。如今已廣泛使用CMOS實現DSP得到相對較低的功耗和成本。此論文，我們研究前景看好的PA線性化技術LINC，可提供無線發射機高PA效率和高線性度。我們專注於設計低成本的DSP引擎以使用於LINC發射機。此外，為了提高功效，我們提出了兩種多階LINC發射機的設計，包絡調整多階LINC（EA-MLINC）和增益調整多階LINC（GA-MLINC）。最後，我們利用混合數位及類比信號模擬的電子設計自動化（EDA）工具先進設計系統（ADS）來驗證LINC發射機設計。根據模擬結果，3階EA-MLINC和3階GA-MLINC將一般LINC的附加功率效率（PAE）由16.5％分別提升到33.4％和23.6％，且都滿足寬頻分碼多工多重存取（WCDMA）規格的線性度要求。有別於傳統LINC使用單階縮放因素，我們提出的MLINC採用多階縮放因素將機率密度函數（PDF）劃分成若干區域。一些研究團隊已採用此設計理念來發展高效率的無線發射機。我們相信MLINC是個有效實現高效率的發射機的設計方向。In general, the power amplifier (PA) is one of the most power-hungry devices in a tran-sceiver. Accordingly, the higher the PA efficiency, the longer the mobile handset de-vices can operate. Power efficiency and linearity are two key parameters to determine the performance of wireless transmitters. Linearity and power efficiency must be traded off in the PA. That is, we get more linearity while the power efficiency is decreased. Recent wireless communication systems adopt sophisticated modulation techniques such as 3π/8-shifted 8 PSK for EDGE, HPSK for WCDMA, and OFDM for WiMAX to achieve the increasing demand for spectrum efficiency. Using these complex modula-tions and multiple carriers causes envelope variations that force the PA to work at a large backoff to fulfill the linearity requirements of wireless communication standards. However, the operation under backoff leads to low PA efficiency. In addition, ana-log/RF devices suffer from process variation and often bring non-linearity and distortion into a transmitter system. DSP methods can perform more accurate computation of the signals than analog circuits. Nowadays, DSP is widely available at a relatively low power and cost in CMOS technology.n this dissertation, we study a promising PA linearization technique, LInear am-plifier with Nonlinear Components (LINC), which offers both high PA efficiency and high linearity of wireless transmitters. We focus on the low-cost DSP engine design for a LINC transmitter architecture. Moreover, we propose two multilevel LINC transmitter designs, Envelope-Adjusting Multilevel LINC (EA-MLINC) and Gain-Adjusting Mul-tilevel LINC (GA-MLINC), for power efficiency enhancement. Finally, we utilize the mixed-mode EDA tool ADS to verify these LINC transmitter designs. According to the simulation results, the 3-level EA-MLINC and 3-level GA-MLINC enhance the con-ventional LINC system PAE from 16.5% to 33.4% and 23.6% respectively and both satisfy the linearity requirements of the WCDMA specifications. Instead of the tradi-tional LINC using single-level scaling factor, our proposed MLINC utilize multilevel scaling factors to divide the PDF into several regions. Some research groups have fol-lowed this design concept to develop high-efficiency wireless transmitters. We believe our MLINC designs are valid and effective directions to achieve high-efficiency trans-mitter designs.Chapter 1 Introduction.1 Research Motivation 1.2 Research Background 2.2.1 Review of the Polar and LINC Wireless Transmitter Systems 2.3 Research Contributions 3.3.1 LINC Wireless Transmitter System and Architecture Design for Cost Reduction 4.3.2 Multilevel LINC Wireless Transmitter System and Architecture Design for Power Efficiency Enhancement 7.4 Dissertation Organization 10hapter 2 Review of Power Amplifier Linearization Techniques.1 Power Amplifier Characteristics 11.1.1 Ideal Linear Behavior 11.1.2 Square Law and Third Order Characteristic 12.1.3 Saleh Model 12.1.4 Varying Envelope and Constant Envelope Input Signals 14.2 Power Amplifier Linearization Techniques 15.2.1 Feedback Architecture 15.2.2 Feed-forward Architecture 16.2.3 Predistortion Architecture 17.2.4 Envelope Elimination Restoration 18.2.5 Linear Amplification with Nonlinear Components 20hapter 3 Review of Digital Signal Processing Techniques in LINC Wireless Transmitters.1 CORDIC 22.1.1 CORDIC Algorithm 22.1.2 CORDIC Architecture 25.2 Inverse Trigonometric Computation 31.2.1 Inverse Trigonometric Function 31.2.2 Inverse Trigonometric Computation Algorithm 32.3 Digital Phase Modulator 36.3.1 DDFS Theorem 36.3.2 Symmetric Property of Sine and Cosine Functions 38.3.3 Noise Analysis 39hapter 4 LINC Wireless Transmitter System and Architectureesign for Cost Reduction.1 Rectangular-to-Polar Converter Design 42.1.1 Hardware Combining 42.1.2 Reduced Complexity Radix-2 Pipelined CORDIC 43.1.3 Comparison 47.2 Inverse Trigonometric Computation Module Design 48.2.1 Piecewise Polynomial Approximation Algorithm 48.2.2 Error Metrics of the Approximation 49.2.3 Approximation Algorithms 49.2.4 Proposed Inverse Cosine Module Architecture 52.3 Digital Phase Modulator Design 55.4 Simulation and Verification 59.4.1 WCDMA Transmitter Specifications 59.4.2 Transmitter Design Considerations 61.4.3 System Simulation Results 64.4.4 Implementation and Measurement Results 67.5 Summary 70.5.1 Rectangular-to-Polar Converter 70.5.2 Inverse Trigonometric Computation Module 71.5.3 Digital Phase Modulator 71hapter 5 Multilevel LINC Wireless Transmitter System andrchitecture Design for Power Efficiency Enhancement.1 Multilevel Out-Phasing Scheme 73.1.1 Multilevel Out-Phasing Scheme 73.1.2 Scaling Factor Set Determination 75.2 Multilevel Linearization Scheme 76.2.1 Linearity Condition 77.2.2 Envelope-Adjusting Technique 78.2.3 Gain-Adjusting Technique 78.3 Multilevel LINC Architecture Designs 79.3.1 Multilevel Signal Component Separator 79.3.2 Envelope-Adjusting MLINC 80.3.3 Gain-Adjusting MLINC 82.4 System Simulations 85.4.1 Combiner Efficiency 85.4.2 Linearity and Efficiency 87.5 Summary 94hapter 6 Conclusions and Future Work 96ibliography 9
Effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation on Primary Motor Cortex to Modulate Cortical Excitability and Prefrontal Activation during Motor Learning: A TMS and NIRS Study
No full text中文摘要
前言：根據先前的實驗結果所發現，經皮神經電刺激對於主要動作皮質的活性所造成的影響，無法與動作學習所產生的興奮性神經塑性有所區別，因此本實驗主要是為了瞭解頭顱經皮神經電刺激以及動作學習所產生去抑制現象之間的交互關係，而本實驗主要藉由量測在執行內隱式順序性動作學習的受試者主要動作皮質興奮性的改變，而本實驗另外使用近紅外線吸收光譜來量測前額葉在動作學習的過程中血液動力學反應的改變。方法：本實驗總共從社區以及大學徵招了48位年輕受試者，而受試者將會被隨機分配到電刺激組與電刺激伴隨動作學習測試組，而受試者需要完成兩次實驗，包含經皮神激電刺激和假刺激，而兩次測試則是隨機分配，試驗的間隔則需要大於一周，而本實驗成果測試項目包括：動作誘發電位、皮質內誘發、皮質內抑制、前額葉血液動力學變化以及順序性反應性動作測試中的反應時間長度，綜合以上神經生理或是行為科學上的量測來觀察經皮神經電刺激的效果。結果：在動作電位上則是發現有接受經皮神經電刺激的兩種試驗顯著上升，包含單純接受電刺激介入以及電刺激介入伴隨動作表現量測之情形，發現動作學習對於經皮神經電刺激所產生的效果產生協同作用，而在有動作執行的兩組(動作執行伴隨電刺激或假刺激)則是發現皮質內抑制所產生的抑制量明顯上升，而有電刺激伴隨動作執行量測的組別改變抑制的百分比顯著較假刺激明顯，而皮質內誘發則是在有電刺激的兩組(有無動作執行)顯著下降，但是組間的比較則是沒有明顯差異，而順序性反應時間測試中則是兩組(電刺激/假刺激)隨著練習的次數增加時明顯的降低反應時間，但是電刺激介入並沒有顯著影響動作表現，因此兩組間則是沒有顯著差異，而在前額葉血液動力學變化中則是只有在電刺激介入的情形有顯著效應，而在初始練習時發現有活性明顯上升的情形，而在30分鐘後測時發現顯著低於初始值的活性，因此代表電刺激的組別有一定的幫助學習固化的現象。討論：經皮神經電刺激顯著對皮質脊髓神經元產生明顯的興奮性誘發，但是同時間則發現皮質內抑制也有明顯增加的情形，而皮質內抑制上升則是被認為會干擾皮質重組或是去覆蓋現象(unmasking)，而顯著動作的電位上升伴隨皮質內誘發明顯的下降則是有可能在皮質內誘發的量測中發生天花板效應，而在動作表現上則沒有發現明顯電刺激造成的效應，結論：本實驗證實經皮神經電刺激明顯增加主要動作皮質內之興奮性，而且動作練習對於經皮神經電刺激所產生的效果產生聯合反應，需要更進一步大於24小時的長期追蹤，或是增加電刺激介入的劑量，來進一步討論經皮神經電刺激的效應。AIM: The relationship between cranial transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) stimulation and cortical excitability change during motor learning process is unknown. This study aims to explore the effects of cranial TENS application on cortical excitability of primary motor cortex (M1) during implicit sequential motor learning process in normal subjects. Prefrontal activation pattern in learning process was also monitored by Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). METHODS: 48 volunteers were recruited from colleges and communities. Subjects were randomized into TENS stimulation group (Stimulus-TENS/Sham) and TENS stimulation with motor task group (Motor-TENS/Sham). Subjects in both groups need to accomplish two trials (TENS or sham stimulation), the interval between trials was more than 1 week. Motor evoked potential (MEP), intracortical inhibition (ICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF), Serial reaction time task and NIRS were measured to monitor physiological and behavioral change process in motor learning. RESULTS: MEPs amplitude in both Motor-TENS and Stimulus-TENS group increased significantly. MEP amplitude of Motor-TENS were significantly higher than Stimulus-TENS in followed up 60 mins. Motor task induced synergistic effect on enhancement of MEP amplitude. Higher suppression effects of ICI were also found in both Motor-TENS and Motor-Sham. Motor-TENS go higher suppression of ICI than Motor-Sham which revealed synergistic effect of TENS stimulation. The ICF was also decreased in Motor-TENS and Stimulus TENS. However, between group comparison showed no significant different. In SRTT performance, reaction times significantly improved both in Motor-TENS/Sham but no difference between TENS and sham stimulation. Prefrontal activation showed significant time effect in TENS-Motor only. Increment activation in initial learning and following decrease activation in retention test was observed. Consolidation effect in Motor-TENS than Motor-Sham was also noted. DISSCUSSION: TENS intervention increased corticospinal neuron excitability. However, significant increase suppression induced by ICI may indicate disruption of cortical representation. Increment of ICF concurrent with increment MEP showed ceiling effect existed in ICF measurement. TENS intervention showed weak effect to altered motor learning process. CONCLUSION: TENS stimulation increase cortical excitability and inhibitory shift of intracortical circuits. Motor practice played a facilitation role to altered cortical excitability which induced synergistic effect on TENS intervention. Further study should be done to investigate the effect of TENS with long-term (more than 24 hour) effect or increase times of stimulus program.CONTENTS TABLE
口試委員審會定書 ⅰ
誌謝 ⅱ
中文摘要 ⅳ
Abstract ⅵ
List of abbreviations ⅷ
Contents table ⅹ
Figures list xii
Tables list xiii
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Purpose 4
1.3 Question and hypothesis 6
1.4 Significance 7
Chapter 2: Literature review 9
2.1 Historical view of transcranial electrical stimulation 9
2.2 Comparison stimulation parameter of transcranial electricl stimution 11
2.3 Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) 13
2.2.1 Research in animal model 14
2.2.2 Rresearch in human model 15
2.4 Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) 18
2.4.1 Motor threshold 20
2.4.2 Motor evoked potential 21
2.4.3 Intracortcial facilitation and intracortcial inhibition 22
2.5 Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) 23
2.5.1 Mechanism of NIRS 23
2.5.2 Psychometric studies of NIRS 26
2.6 Serial reaction time task (SRTT) 29
2.6.1 Implicit sequential motor learning process 29
2.6.2 Brain activation pattern during SRTT 30
Chapter 3: Methods 32
3.1 Participants 32
3.2 Study design 33
3.3 Experimental procedure 33
3.4 Experimental assessment 36
3.5 Statistical analysis 37
Chapter 4 : Results 39
4.1 Basic data and baseline measurements 39
4.2 Effect of cranial ten interventions 39
4.2.1 Results of motor evoked potential 39
4.2.2 Results of pair pulsed stimulation 40
4.2.3 Results of prefrontal hemodynamic response 41
4.2.4 Results of serial reaction time task 42
Chapter 5: Discussion 43
5.1 Neurophysiological outcomes after cranial tens intervention 43
5.1.1 Motor evoked potential 44
5.1.2 Intracortical inhibition 45
5.1.3 Intracortical facilitation 46
5.1.4 Prefrontal hemodynamic response 47
5.1.5 Serial reaction time task 48
5.2 Possible clinical application of cranial tens intervention 48
5.3 Limitation 49
5.4 Future studies 50
Chapter 6: Conclusion 51
Reference 52
Figures 64
Tables 72
Appendix 78
Kong Kai Bertangga Nada Selendro: Kajian Organologi Kong Kai Pada Masyarakat Helong Di Pulau Semau
No full textThe purpose of this study was to examine the structure of Kong Kai's music in the Helong community on Semau Island. This research focuses on Kong Kai sounds that have not been made in a particular musical scale. Kong Kai has a different sound than the others. The author intends to establish a standard for the uniform sound settings in all of Semau Island. The author intends to explore how to make and play kong kai. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. With the interview and observation approach, the writer seeks information about Kong Kai. Waditra Kong Kai can be measured with conventional western musical scales. Kong Kai has the same musical scales as Slendro.
Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji struktur musik Kong Kai pada masyarakat Helong di pulau Semau. Penelitian ini berpusat pada bunyi Kong kai yang belum dibuat dalam tangga nada tertentu. Kong kai mempunyai bunyi yang berbeda dari yang lainnya. Penulis bermaksud membuat standar penyeragaman setingan bunyi kong kai di seluruh Pulau Semau. Penulis bermaksud menelusuri cara membuat dan memainkan kong kai. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Dengan pendekatan wawancara dan observasi, penulis mencari informasi mengenai kong kai. Waditra Kong kai dapat diukur dengan tangga nada konvensional barat. Kong kai memiliki tangga nada yang sama dengan slendro.  
Coding for Noisy Quadratic-Gaussian Wyner-Ziv Problem : a Successive Quantization Approach
No full textnone
No full textAbstrct
The Taiwan area villain is thick, may supply the use the land resource to be limited, faced with the globalization economy, continues forever to develop, both banks Three Contacts development, the industry promotes, the living conditions improvement, the ecological environment protection, the resources development and so on interlocks the complex development environment, plan idea, the national territory spatial structure and the development localization, the national territory resources care, the resources disposition mechanism and the development our country national territory comprehensive development plan and so on has the necessity using the directive to give to examine the adjustment, proposed a set will conform to the country future to develop plan blueprint the prospect, this research attempt from Japanese, South Korea's national territory plan development experience review and Taiwan drew up the Taiwan area comprehensive development plan from 1979 until nowThe national territory plan law draft experiences three national territory plan developing process related legal system, the plan system and so on face make the reorganization analysis, the collection correlation experience enlightenment, by develops the national territory plan to Taiwan to propose the suggestion direction.
This research reorganizes Japanese, the South Korean national territory plan development related course experience separately, discovered Japan, South Korea are worth the Taiwan national territory plan development in the national territory plan development deliberating the direction, includes: First, law aspect: Suggested the Taiwan national territory plan law faces the dual legislation the way construction; Two organization aspects: Plan organization, the consideration organization of, the research the suggestion construction consummation distribution also the level match case organize and encourage establishment which the correlation public welfare legal person organizes; Third, development strategy and way: In the development strategy may fuse Japanese, South Korea's related strategy, simultaneously continues forever to develop takes the core value and the development direction; Fourth, capital source: Operates the capital source pipeline broadly in order to help the national territory plan impetus; Fifth, the establishment public participates in the procedure: The public participates in the national territory plan conforming to the populace rights and interests and the tidal current value, Taiwan should establish the public to participate in the procedure, increases the boost reduction resistance.National territory plan impetus organization's establishing is carries out the foundation, the law consummation is the execution according to, the suitable strategy and the method execution direction, the sufficient fund takes from a surplus to supply an insufficiency with the origin carries out the guarantee, the appropriate public participation is the successful necessary procedure, the construction conforms to the generation with the national territory which continues forever to develop is fairly the final goal
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