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DIETARY SATURATED AND UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS ON HEPATIC AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUES INTERMODULATION, GENE EXPRESSION IN TRANSITION DAIRY GOATS, AND INFLUENCE OF MATERNAL DIETS ON KIDS' IMMUNE RESPONSE
Full text linkPeripartum is a critically important period for health and production of dairy ruminants that is characterized by marked changes in the endocrine status that can lead to an increase incidence of metabolic and production-related diseases (e.g. NEB) to accommodate parturition and lactogenesis. Some classical efforts to enhance the energy status during transition are relative to the optimization of pre-partum nutritional level by increasing energy density of the diets. The most common practices are partial replacement of grains or forages in the ration with fats sources. On the other hand, dietary fat have peculiar roles in lipid metabolism and organismal defense system.
Fish oil has been supplemented in dairy animals often with the aim of enrich animal products with essential fatty acids considered healthy for human. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) have been able to modulate immune and inflammatory response as observed in vivo and in vitro studies. Also saturated fatty acids (C16:0 and C18:0) can affect lipid metabolism in dairy ruminants.
Studies in dairy goats characterizing lipid metabolism in body tissues and the influence of different fat sources are still scant, but diet has effects on the transcription of the major genes involved in fatty acid uptake and de novo synthesis.
About the influence of maternal lipid supplementation in diet on newborn animals, studies reported FO supplementing in milk replacer attenuated many aspects of the acute phase response and health in pre-weaned calves. Moreover, feeding calves colostrum from cows fed diets supplemented with saturated fatty acids (SFA) improved transfer of passive immunity.
The purpose of the present work is to study the variations of lipid metabolism in periparturient dairy goats supplemented with polyunsaturated (FO) or saturated (ST) fatty acid (1st and 2nd experiment) and their kids’ immune-response (3rd experiment).
The first study evaluates immune-metabolic adaptation in periparturient dairy goats fed saturated or unsaturated fat supplement throughout a biochemical and histological approach. Results suggest dietary SFA and PUFA are able to modulate the lipomobilizing machinery. In particular, FO could reduce lipomobilization but, on the other hand, it appeared to have slight more detrimental effects on liver.
The second study shows that lipid inclusion in diet could modulate the expression of genes involved in fatty acid metabolism. Differences were found in liver tissue, for genes related to biosynthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids (SCD) and mRNA expression of genes encoding proteins associated with FA oxidation (ACOX1 and ACAA1). In adipose tissue LPIN1, gene involved in TAG synthesis was differentially expressed.
The last study shows that fatty acids supplements in goats diet can influence the immune response in newborn kids. The FAs profile of kids’ plasma testifies a sure passage from diets into colostrum and milk. IgA and IgG content report a probably more reactive immune system in animals born from and fed by dams fed saturated fatty acids. Ig’s, neutrophils and monocytes plasma content support the idea that saturated fat dietary supplementation can have a positive effect on passive immunity transfer from goats to newborn kids, and can stimulate the immune system of offspring.
Our results point out the importance of lipid supplementation in dairy goats diets on liver and adipose tissues intermodulation, mRNA expression of genes involved in FA oxidation in transition dairy goats and their role in the modulation of immune response in newborn kids
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Liver gene expression in periparturient dairy goats fed diets enriched with stearate or PUFA
No full textTo study the hepatic expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism in periparturient dairy goats fed diets enriched with saturated or unsaturated fatty acids was the main aim of the trial. Twenty three second parity alpine dairy goats were assigned to three treatments: (C; n=8) fed a non fat-supplemented basal diet, (ST; n=7) fed a basal diet supplemented with stearic acid and (FO; n=8) fed a basal diet supplemented with fish oil. The supplementation started from the last week of gestation and lasted 21 days after kidding and supplied 30g/head/d extra fatty acids during the dry period and 50g/head/d during lactation. Liver biopsied samples were harvested at day -7, 7 and 21 relative to kidding date and immediately snap-frozen. Blood samples were collected on days -7, -2, 0, 2, 7, 14 and 21. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR of ACAA1, ACOX1, SCD, SOD, CAT, SREBF2 and PPARA was performed. Data obtained were analyzed using a MIXED procedure of SAS. No differences were observed on milk pr oduction, milk composition, body weight and body condition score. SCD expression was significantly (1.8-fold; P<0.01) up-regulated in ST at days 7 and 21 while the opposite trend was observed in FO. ACOX1 pattern was similar for both fat-supplemented diets peaking at day 7 (ST 1.6-fold; P<0.05) and returning close to neutrality at 21 day. NEFA serum content was high in FO and ST at day 2 and remained higher in FO at days 7 and 14 (P<0.05). Cholesterol peaked in C at day 7 and in FO at days 14 and 21 (P<0.05). SCD expression pattern could explain higher levels of free cholesterol, since has been proposed its role in cholesterol esterification to MUFA. Results support a modulation of hepatic lipid metabolism by saturated and unsaturated dietary fat supplements
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