1,726,152 research outputs found
Alan J. Silva
No full textAlan J. Silva
Vice-President and Dean of the School of the Humanities, Arts and Scienceshttps://sophia.stkate.edu/catherineportrait/1018/thumbnail.jp
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Justicia pusilla M. J. Silva. A. Habit 2021, sp. nov.
No full text<i>Justicia pusilla</i> M.J. Silva, <i>sp. nov.</i> <p> Type:— BRAZIL. Goiás: Goiás: Niquelândia, Reserva particular de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Legado Verdes do Cerrado, Núcleo Engenho, Córrego da Sociedade, ca. 150 m a partir do Corrégo, mata ciliar, crescendo em barranco e sobre rochas em ambiente sombreado, 14°38’35”S 48°28’34”W, 629 m elev., 23 June 2021, fl., fr., <i>M. J. Silva & I. S. Santos 12685</i> (holotype UFG!; isotypes: UB!, RB!, CEN!)</p> <p> <b>Diagnosis:</b> —This new species is most similar to <i>J. laevilingui</i> s Ness (1847: 120), but differs by having an erect habit (<i>vs</i>. procumbent or decumbent), leaves indumented on both surfaces (<i>vs.</i> glabrous), spikes always simple (<i>vs.</i> simples or paniculiform), fertile bracts indumented and ciliate (<i>vs.</i> glabrous and non-ciliate), bracteoles ciliate (<i>vs.</i> nonciliate), calyx lobes 3–4 mm long, indumented externally (<i>vs.</i> 7–8 mm long, glabrous), corolla 5–5.1 mm long, white with a lilac spot on the palate, or uniformly white, shortly pubescent internally in the central region (<i>vs.</i> 11–18 mm long, lilac, with a white spot on the palate, glabrous internally), and seeds suborbicular and hispidulous (<i>vs.</i> cordiform, glabrous).</p> <p> <b>Description</b> —Herbs or subshrubs 5–28 cm tall; stems erect, cylindrical, non-dilated or constricted above the nodes, uniformly tomentose and shortly hispid, trichomes hyaline. Leaves slightly anisophyllous, petiolate; petiole 0.2–0.5 cm long, shortly tomentose, slightly sulcate above; blades 2.6–7.5 × 0.5–1.3 cm, elliptic, narrowly elliptic, elliptic-obovate, spatulate, or sometimes lanceolate, pubescent on both surfaces, especially on the veins on the abaxial surface, base attenuated or slightly asymmetrical, margin entire or more rarely irregularly crenate near the apex, sparsely ciliate, apex acute, acuminate or obtuse, cystoliths inconspicuous, dark green adaxially, opaque green abaxially, midrib prominent abaxially, secondary veins 5–7 pairs, the tertiary veins impressed on both surfaces. Spikes simple, terminal, lax and congested; peduncles (2) 3–4 cm long, rachis (2.2) 4.5–6 cm long, both shortly tomentose; sterile bracts 4.5–4.8 × 0.6–0.7 mm, sessile, elliptic, oblanceolate, base attenuated, apex acuminate, ciliate, sparsely shortly hirsute on both surfaces, trichomes eglandular; bracteoles 3.5–6 × 0.2–0.25 mm, sessile, linear, apex acute, glabrous on both surfaces, ciliate; calyxes green, 5-lobed; lobes equal, 3.8–4 × ca. 0.2 mm, linear, glabrous internally and pubescent externally, trichomes eglandular, margins sparsely ciliate. Corolla bilabiate, tube and lips white or lips white, with a lilac spot on the palate, 5–5.1 mm long, tube ca. 1.1 mm long at base, central region 1.9–2 mm long, pubescent above the stamens and near the lobes, upper lip 2.3–2.4 × 1.27–1.4 mm, entire, lower lip ca. 2.3 mm long, 3-lobed, lobes oblong or obtuse, central lobe 2–2.1 × 1.2 mm, lateral lobes 1.1–1.2 × 0.9–1.2 mm; stamens 2, filaments white, attached near the upper portion of corolla tube, free portion of the filaments 2–2.1 mm long, pubescent at base, connectives not elongated, thecae whitish, superposed, upper thecae ca. 0.5 mm long, lower portion 0.3 mm long, both without appendages; connectives narrow; ovary oblong ca. 1 × 0.3 mm, glabrous, style ca. 4 mm long, stigma obtuse. Capsule ca. 4 × 1.2 mm, clavate, light green, puberulous with eglandular trichomes. Seeds 4, ca. 0.7 × 0.7 mm, suborbicular, compressed, not cordate, surface smooth, hispidulous, base slightly asymmetric, brownish.</p> <p> <b> Additional specimens examined (paratypes): <i>—</i></b> BRAZIL. Goiás: Niquelândia, Reserva Particular de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Legado Verdes do Cerrado, Núcleo Engenho, Área do Córrego dos Macacos, 14°38’34”S 48°28’34”W, 656 m elev., cerca de 50 m à esquerda da Ponte do Córrego dos Macacos, 23 April 2021, fl., <i>M. J. Silva & F.D. Santos 12371</i> (UFG), <i>12372</i> (UFG), <i>12377</i> (UFG); ibd., 14°38’33”S 48°28’40”W, 657 m elev., cerca de 5 m à esquerda da Ponte do Córrego dos Macacos crescendo sobre barranco, trecho sombreado, 22 April 2021, fl., <i>M. J. Silva & F.D. Santos 12306</i> (UFG), <i>12307</i> (UFG), <i>12308</i> (UFG), <i>12309</i> (UFG), <i>12310</i> (UFG); ibd., mata de galeria na borda da vegetação em ambiente sobreado, ca. 15 m à erquerda da ponte, 14°39’45”S 48°27’33”W, 716 m elev., 28 May 2021, fl., <i>M. J. Silva & F.D. Santos 12500</i> (UFG), <i>12501</i> (UFG); ibd., área do Córrego da Sociedade, cerca de 10 m à esquerda da ponte do Córrego, 14°38’34”S 48°28’’39”W, 667 m elev., 28 May 2021, fl., <i>M. J. Silva & F.D. Santos 12503</i> (UFG), <i>12504</i> (UFG); ibd., ca. 150 m a partir do Córrego Sociedade, 14°38’35”S 48°28’34”W, 629 m elev., 23 June 2021, fl., fr., <i>M. J. Silva 12680</i> (UFG), <i>M. J. Silva 12681</i> (UFG), <i>M. J. Silva 12682</i> (UFG), <i>M. J. Silva 12683</i> (UFG), <i>M. J. Silva 12684</i> (UFG), <i>M. J. Silva 12686</i> (UFG), <i>M. J. Silva 12687</i> (UFG), <i>M. J. Silva 12688</i> (UFG), <i>M. J. Silva 12689</i> (UFG), <i>M. J. Silva 12690</i> (UFG); ibd., Córrego do Padre, ca. 10 m a partir da ponte do corrégo do lado esquerdo, 14°38’18”S 48°28’52”W, 657 m elev., 28 May 2021, fl., <i>M. J. Silva & F.D. Santos 12506</i> (UFG), <i>12514</i> (UFG); ibd., Córrego do Padre, ca. 20 m a partir da ponte do córrego do lado esquerdo, 14°38’19”S 48°28’52”W, 650 m elev., 29 May 2021, fl., <i>M. J. Silva & F.D. Santos 12587</i> (UFG), <i>12588</i> (UFG), <i>12589</i> (UFG), <i>12590</i> (UFG); Região do Traíras, cerca de 80 ma partir da trilha do Rio Traíras em barranco, 14°36’31”S, 48°28’42”W, 644 m elev., 29 May 2021, fl., <i>M. J. Silva & F.D. Santos 12532</i> (UFG).</p> <p> <b>Distribution and habitat:</b> —Species previously collected only in the Legado Verdes do Cerrado Private Sustainable Development Reserve, municipality of Niquelândia, Goiás State, Brazil, in “Córregos dos Macacos”, “Padre”, and “Sociedade”, as well as along the banks of the Traíras River. <i>Justicia pusilla</i> grows in ravines, on rock outcrops, in aquatic environments, in periodically flooded sites, and in shaded areas at 600– 750 m.a.s.l. It forms populations with up to 30 individuals.</p> <p> <b>Phenology:</b> —Species collected with flowers from April to May and with flowers and fruits in May.</p> <p> <b>Etymology</b> —The specific epithet “ <i>pusilla</i> ” is derived from the Latin “ <i>pusillus</i> ”, alluding to the small size of the species as compared to congeners.</p> <p> <b>Preliminary conservation status:</b> — Species with an Extent of Occurrence estimated at 4.377 km 2, which is therefore classified as Critically Endangered (CR) Criteria B 1 subcriteria b(i, iv, v), and criteria D. It was collected, however, in gallery forests, a very common vegetation type in the northern part of Goiás State, and later exploratory collections may reveal new sites of occurrence.</p> <p> <b>Taxonomic notes:</b> — <i>Justicia pusilla</i> is characterized by perennial herb, cystoliths not apparent, simple spike with 1 or 2 flowers per node, the axis eglandular, bracts lanceolate, larger than the calyx, calyx 5-partite, segments equal, corolla white, anther-thecae slightly superposed, parallel to oblique, or at right-angles, one slightly larger than the other, without appendages, ovary and capsules glabrous with seeds compressed. Therefore, it belongs to <i>Justicia</i> sect. <i>Dianthera</i> subsect. <i>Dianthera</i> (Linnaeus 1753: 27) Graham (1988: 599) according to the classification of Graham (1988). The subsection corresponds to the <i>Dianthera</i> clade recognized by Kiel <i>et al.</i> (2018) that includes plants from aquatic or subaquatic habitats with inflorescences of axillary pedunculate spikes, 5-parted calyxes with equal segments, and discoid seeds rugose with minute papillae or ornamented with irregular, column-shaped tubercles. To occupy aquatic or subaquatic habitats, <i>Justicia pusilla</i> has pedunculate and always terminal spikes, calyxes with 5-parted equal segments, and discoid seeds.</p> <p> Sartin (2015) recorded 26 species of <i>Justicia</i> in Goiás State, three of which are probably new to science but not yet published, i.e., <i>J. horty-maitreyae</i> Sartin & Kameyama (2015: 83), <i>J. indespecta</i> Sartin & Kameyama (2015: 67) and <i>J. neglecta</i> Sartin & Kameyama (2015: 87). Chagas & Costa-Lima (2020) recorded 23 species of that genus in the same state. <i>J. pusilla</i> resembles <i>J. laevilingui</i> s (Ness 1847: 120) Lindau (1894: 20), the only taxa belonging to <i>J.</i> sect. <i>Dianthera</i> subsect. <i>Dianthera</i> previously reported from Goiás State, in sharing a herbaceous or subshrub habit, stems neither constricted nor dilated above the nodes, bracts non-imbricate, calyx with five equal lobes, anthers with poorly developed connectives, thecae without appendages, and capsules glabrous. However, the characters listed in table 1, serve to differentiate such species.</p> <p> Among the undescribed new taxa proposed by Sartin (2015) from Goiás State, <i>J. pusilla</i> superficially resembles <i>J. indespecta</i> by having a subshrub habit, cylindrical or subcylindrical stems, petiolate leaves, peduncle spikes, bracts and bracteoles sessile, as well as small flowers, but differs from <i>J. indespecta</i> in several ways, such as its growth aspect, the type of indumentum on the stems and its distribution, type of inflorescence, corolla colors, features of the calyx lobes, as well as the dimensions of the leaf blade, petiole, corolla lobes, stamen filaments, bracts and bracteoles, and the vestiture of the latter. It can be easily distinguished from <i>J. indespecta</i> by an erect habit (<i>vs</i>. procumbent or erect), stems tomentose and shortly hispid, without dilatation above the nodes (<i>vs.</i> scabrous or pubescent, with dilatation above the nodes), leaves strigillose on both surfaces (<i>vs.</i> glabrous or strigose-pubescent on the petiole and near the veins), spikes simple and always terminal (<i>vs.</i> simple or compound, axillary and terminal), bracts 4.5–4.8 mm long, shortly hispid on both surfaces (<i>vs.</i> 5–7 mm long, pilose on adaxial surface and glandular-pilose on the abaxial surface), bracteoles 3.5–6 × 0.2–0.25 mm (vs. 4–6 × 0.2–0.3 mm), calyx 5 partite, the lobes equal or slightly subequal (<i>vs.</i> 5 partite, lobes unequal in 2+2+1 pattern), corolla 5–5.1 mm long, white with a lilac spot on the palate (<i>vs.</i> Ca. 6 mm, lilac with a white spot on the palate), as well as capsules 4–4.1 × 1.2–1.3 mm long, clavate and puberulous (<i>vs.</i> ca. 6– 1 mm, panduriform, glabrous).</p>Published as part of <i>Silva, Marcos José Da, 2021, A new and endangered species of Justicia L. (Justicieae-Acanthaceae) from the riparian forests of northern Goiás State, Brazil, pp. 37-45 in Phytotaxa 525 (1)</i> on pages 38-43, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.525.1.4, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/5681814">http://zenodo.org/record/5681814</a>
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
Copaifera appendiculata M. J. Silva 2022, sp. nov.
No full textCopaifera appendiculata M. J. Silva, sp. nov. Type:— BRAZIL. Goiás: Niquelândia, Reserva Particular de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Legado Verdes do Cerrado, Núcleo Engenho, Área do Acaba Vida, ca. 1 km da porteira, lado esquerdo da estrada, 753 m. a.s.l., 14°41’59”S, 48°25’25”W, 26 January 2020, fl., M. J. Silva, I. S. Santos & B. S. Pereira 10631 (holotype UFG!; isotypes: CEN!, UB!) (Figs. 1, 2). Diagnosis:—This new species is characterized by having a dwarf, shrubby habit, leaves sessile or with petiole up to 1.8 cm long, and rachis with a conspicuous spiny prolongation 0.9–1 cm long, 2–4 (–5) pairs of leaflets, similar in size, coriaceous, glabrous or indumented at least on the midrib on the abaxial surface, with margins planar, translucent points conspicuous or inconspicuous, with one gland at the base, panicles smaller or slightly larger than the underlying leaves; flowers sessile, the sepals conspicuosly indumented on both surfaces, ovary evenly indumented, fruits glabrous, and seeds with an orange aril. Description:—Shrubs (0.6–) 1–1.7 m tall; adult branches striated, glabrous and cinereous, with conspicuous scars, smooth or longitudinally cracked, young branches shortly tomentose, the trichomes hyaline, rusty, or ocher. Leaves 8.3–15 cm long; stipules 1.3–2.3 × 0.2–0.3 cm, falcate, persistent or tardily caducous, glabrous or glabrescent on the external surface; petiole 0.2–1.8 cm long; rachis 5–9 cm long, both sulcate above, striated, shortly tomentose, rusty or ocher, the rachis with an spiny prolongation 0.9–1 cm long; petiolule 1–3 mm long; leaflets (2)3–4(5) pairs, the proximal similar to the distal, or slightly smaller in size, thin or thick coriaceous, oblong, oblong-elliptic, ellipticfalcate, elliptic or ovate; opposite, or less often subopposite; 5–10 × 2.8–5.8 cm, glandular-punctate, the punctations translucent, visible or not; margins flat, ciliate, non-cartilaginous, with 1 nectary on each side immediately at the base; apex obtuse, slightly emarginate, non-mucronulate, base obtuse or slightly oblique, adaxial surface glabrous or sparsely puberulous, abaxial surface similar to the adaxial, but with trichomes shortly tomentose on the midrib; venation brochidodromous, midrib slightly shifted to the right side of the blade, prominent on the abaxial surface, secondary veins impressed on both surfaces. Panicles 13–19.5 cm long, smaller or slightly larger than the undelying leaves, lax, axillary; peduncle 1–2 cm long, rachis 12.5–17.5 cm long, secondary axes (6–) 9–11 cm long, all tomentoserusty, thickened by galls; bracts 3.2–3.3 × 2.9–3 mm, widely ovate, margins entire, ciliate, shortly villose externally; bracteoles 2.8–2.9 × ca. 1.9 mm, similar to the bracts; floral bud 4.7–4.7 × 3–3.1 mm, ellipsoidal, shortly tomentose. Flowers sessile, sepals 4, 5–5.1 × 2.2–2.3 mm, lanceolate, oval-lanceolate, or elliptic, densely sericeous internally, sparsely or densely sericeous externally, with conspicuous secretory cavities, margins entire, apex acute; stamens 10, filaments 6–8 mm long, glabrous; anthers 1.2–1.5 mm long, ellipsoidal, mucronulate, longitudinally dehiscent; ovary 2–.3 × 1.4–1.5 mm, ellipsoidal, densely villous throughout, the trichomes rusty; styles 3–5 mm long. Pod 2.6–3.6 × 2.2–2.5 cm, ellipsoidal, orbicular or obovoid, base asymmetric-attenuated, apex asymmetrically obtuse and mucronate, glabrous throughout, yellowish-green or orange-green when immature, reddish when ripe; seeds 1.5–2.8 × 1.3–1.7 cm, orbicular or elliptic-orbicular, black, aril orange to the middle region of the seed. Additional specimens examined (paratypes): — BRAZIL. Goiás, Niquelândia, RPDS Legado Verdes do Cerrado, Núcleo Engenho, Área do Acaba Vida, ca. 200 metros antes da porteira, cerrado ralo, 771 m. a.s.l. 14°42’15”S, 48°25’24”W, 21 July 2019, fr., M. J . Silva 9878 (UFG), 9879 (UFG); ib., ca. 1 km da porteira, lado esquerdo da estrada, 753 m. a.s.l., 14°41’59”S, 48°25’25”W, 26 January 2020, fl., M. J . Silva 10630 (UFG), 10631 (UFG); ibd., ca. 120 metros antes da porteira, 26 January 2020, fl., M. J . Silva 10642 (UFG); ibd., cerrado ralo após morro, cerca de 750 metros a partir da estrada, 753 m. a.s.l., 14°41’59”S, 48°25’25”W, 26 January 2020, fl, M. J . Silva et al. 10638 (UFG), ibd. ca. 800 metros antes da porteira, ca. 60 metros a partir da estrada, 753 m. a.s.l., 14°41’59”S, 48°25’25”W, 26 January 2020, fl, M. J . Silva et al. 10645 (UFG); ibd., ca. 600 metros antes da porteira 200 metros a partir da lateral esquerda, 752 m ASL, 14°41’59,61”S, 48°25’27,86”W, 26 January 2021, fl., M. J . Silva 11583 (UFG), 11584 (UFG), 11585 (UFG); Área Capão do Bandeira, 693 m. a.s.l., 14°39’22”S, 48°29’35”W, 29 June 2019, fr., M. J . Silva 9667 (UFG); Área da Filipa, morro após o ponto de apoio da área da Filipa, 705 m. a.s.l., 14°35’21”S, 48°26’05”W, 21 February 2020, fl., fr., M. J . Silva et al. 10974 (UFG), 10975 (UFG); Área do Poço Rosado, 100 m após o córrego, 14°36’42”S, 48°30’12”W, 623 m. a.s.l., 22 April 2021, fr., M. J . Silva et al. 12334 (UFG); ibd., 90 metros a partir do córrego, 22 April 2021, fr., M. J . Silva et al. 12337 (UFG); ibd., ca. 200 metros a partir do córrego, 619 m. a.s.l., 14°36’41”S, 48°30’14”W, 22 April 2021, fr., M. J . Silva et al. 12339 (UFG); ibd., ca. 150 m, após o córrego, 22 April 2021, fr., M. J . Silva et al. 12340 (UFG), 12341 (UFG), 12342 (UFG), 12342 (UFG), 12343 (UFG); Área da Trilha do Campo Cerrado, 656 m. a.s.l., 14°36’52”S, 48°29’34”W, 29 May 2021, fr., M. J . Silva 12578 (UFG), 12579 (UFG); ibd., ca. 180 metros a partir do córrego, M. J. Silva 12581 (UFG), 12582 (UFG), 12585 (UFG); Área do Lama Preta, cerca de 400 metros a partir do 4º Córrego do Lama Preta, lado direito da rodagem, 27 January 2021, fl., M. J . Silva 11635 (UFG), 11636 (UFG), 11637 (UFG), 11638 (UFG), 11639 (UFG), 11640 (UFG), 11641 (UFG), 11643 (UFG), ibd., 718 m. a.s.l., 14°39’36”S, 48°25’49”W, 23 June 2021, fr., M. J . Silva 12717 (UFG), 12718 (UFG), 12719 (UFG), 12720 (UFG); Área do Mirante, ca. 400 metros a leste do Mirante, 14°39’45”S, 48°27’31”W, 724 m. a.s.l., 25 January 2020, fl., M. J . Silva 10585 (UFG), 10586 (UFG); Área do Pasto do Romão, 100 metros a partir da estrada que leva ao pasto do Romão, 647 m. a.s.l., 14°37’07”S, 48°27’05”W, 27 January 2021, fl., M. J . Silva 11668 (UFG), 11669 (UFG), 11670 (UFG), 11671 (UFG); ibd., ca. 200 metros a partir da porteira do pasto do Romão, 656 m. a.s.l., 14°37’08”S, 48°27’06”W, 27 January 2021, fl., M. J . Silva 11679 (UFG), 11680 (UFG), 11681 (UFG); ibd., cerrado ralo ca. 150 m após a mata, 24 Jun 2021, fr., M. J . Silva 12796 (UFG), 12797 (UFG), 12798 (UFG), 12799 (UFG); Área do Rio Traíras, ca. 100 metros antes de chegar à Ponte do rio Traíras, cerrado típico na lateral esquerda da estrada, 630 m. a.s.l., 14°36’34”S, 48°28’38”W, 25 January 2020, fl., M. J . Silva 10536 (UFG); ibd., ca. 250 metros antes da ponte do Traíras, na lateral esquerda da trilha do Traíras, 668 m. a.s.l., 14°365’37”S, 48°28’54”W, 25 January 2020, fl., M. J . Silva 10539 (UFG); ib., ca. 400 metros após a ponte do rio Traíras, cerca de 350 metros para dentro do Cerrado típico do lado esquerdo da estrada, 25 January 2020, fl., M. J . Silva 10558 (UFG), 10560 (UFG). Distribution and habitat:— Copaifera appendiculata has been encountered so far in the Legado Verdes do Cerrado Private Sustainable Development Reserve, in the municipality of Niquelândia, Goiás State, Brazil (Fig. 4). Grows in “cerrado típicos”, “cerrados ralos”, “campos sujos”, and in the transition from “campos sujos” to “cerrados ralos”, on sandy-clay, litholic, and stony-clayey soils in level areas, slopes, or hilltops between 618 and 753 m. a.s.l. Phenology:—Species collected with flowers in January and fruits in April, June and July. Etymology:—The specific epithet “appendiculata” refers to the leaf rachis of the new species with a conspicuous terminal appendix, a character not mentioned in the specialized literature for the genus. Vernacular name:—“Pau-de-óleo mirim” and “copaibinha” according to the employees at the Legado Verdes do Cerrado Sustainable Development Private Reserve. Proposed conservation status:—The conservation status of Copaifera appendiculata was classified as Critically Endangered [CR, B1b (i, ii, iii, iv, v), as it is known from fewer than 10 localities and has an Extent of Occurrence of ca. 75.42 km 2. Additionally, most populations of this species have less than 20 individuals, and although they grow in an area protected by law, some sites demonstrate anthropic disturbances caused by the removal of the native vegetation and agricultural activities. Notes:— Copaifera appendiculata is easily recognized as a shrub 0.6 to 1.7 m tall, leaves commonly with 2–3(4) pairs of leaflets, oblong, oblong-elliptic, elliptic-falcate or elliptic, the proximal leaflets similar to distal ones in size, with coriaceous blades, nerviform and ciliate margins, glabrescent adaxial surface, glabrescent abaxial surface, or slightly tomentose at least in the midrib, petioles and rachis striated, glabrescent or tomentose, the trichomes yellowish, rusty, or cinereous, the rachis with a spiny prolongation; stipules evident, 1.3–2.3 cm long, panicles usually smaller than the underlying leaves, flowers sessile with lanceolate, oval-lanceolate or elliptic sepals, densely sericeous internally, sparsely to densely sericeous externally, with conspicuous secretory cavities, in addition to ellipsoidal or orbicular fruits with asymmetrically attenuated bases and seeds with an orange aril.Among the subshrubby or shrubby species of Copaifera present in the Cerrado, C. marginata Benth. (Figs. 3a–e) is most similar to C. appendiculata, as both share a shrubby habit, leaves with 2 to 4 pairs of coriaceous leaflets, similar in size and poorly differentiated on both surfaces, in addition to the rachis and petiole indumented, flowers sessile with sepals indumented on both surfaces. C. appendiculata can be distinguished, however, by the leaf rachis having a spiny prolongation (vs. absent in C. marginata), leaflets with or without visible translucent points, margins nerviform, flat, and usually ciliated (vs. without visible translucent points, cartilaginous, revolute, and with non-ciliated margins), panicles smaller or slightly larger than the underlying leaves (vs. two to three times larger than the underlying leaves), ovary ellipsoidal, densely villous throughout (vs. ovary pubescent on margins), fruits brown with margins glabrous (vs. purplish or reddish, tomentose or pubescent), and seeds orbicular or elliptic-orbicular with orange aril (vs. oblong with white aril) Copaifera is a complex genus, and its dwarf Cerrado species are consistently mistakenly identified in herbarium collections (e.g., CEN, UB, IBGE), and the literature concerning the genus dealing with species from the Cerrado biome (e.g., Costa 2007, Souza et al. 2016) provide poorly informative descriptions and keys often have overlapping characteristics. As a result, other subshrubby or shrubby Copaifera species (such as C. elliptica, C. magnifolia Dwyer, C. malmei Harms, and C. nana Rizzini) can easily be confused with C. appendiculata. All of those other species, however, have a foliar rachis without any prolongation (vs. prolonged in C. appendiculata) and seeds with white arils (vs. orange), in addition to each being differentiated by other important characters (See Costa 2007, Martins-da-Silva et al. 2008, Souza et al. 2016), as shown in the table 1. Leaf anatomical data:— Copaifera appendiculata has petioles with cordate contours in cross section (Fig. 5a), while C. marginata Benth. has petioles with plano-convex contours (Fig. 5h); both species have petioles covered by a thick cuticle, an unistratified epidermis with rectangular, quadrangular or, less frequently, rounded common cells with thickened walls (Fig. 5b, c, i, j); in C. marginata the cuticle is thicker and the common epidermal cells contain phenolic compounds (Fig. 5i). The latter species exhibits an unistratified hypodermis with rounded cells with thickened walls (Fig. 5i, k). The cortex of the species studied here comprises 1–3 layers of angular collenchyma cells (Fig. 5b, k), secretory cavities with wide lumens, and juxtaposed, elliptic and rounded secretory epithelial cells with thin peri- and anticlinal walls, diffusely distributed between the parenchyma cells (Fig. 5c, f, g, i, n). Those cells are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of different classes of secondary metabolites and substances with lipophilic natures into the lumens of the secretory cavities (Fig. 5k). Both species have a vascular system composed of collateral bundles, although C. appendiculata has a main vascular bundle in a closed arch, and 10 accessory vascular bundles, five on each side (Fig. 5a), while C. marginata has only one central vascular bundle (Fig. 5h). The vascular bundles of both species are surrounded by gelatinous and libriform fibers; in C. marginata they are interspersed between the fibers and diffused by the parenchyma occur sclereids (Fig. 5i, k, m). In both taxa, the large-caliber vascular bundle contains pith with parenchyma cells and secretory cavities (Fig. 5f). Non-glandular trichomes are found in both species, being more common in C. marginata (Fig. 5j), which also has polyhedral crystals associated with the fibers (Fig. 5k). Rodrigues et al. (2011) and Carvalho et al. (2019) presented only one cross-sectional image of the petioles of both C. sabulicola J.A.S. Costa & L.P. Queiroz (2007: 394) and C. langsdorffii, showing an unistratified epidermis with a thick cuticle, the cortex with secretory cavities, and the vascular system comprising a single central vascular bundle and accessory vascular bundles in adaxial positions as in C. appendiculata and C. marginata. Copaifera sabulicola, however, has a petiole without a hypodermis (vs. present in C. marginata and absent in C. appendiculata and C. langsdorffii), a vascular system with two accessory vascular bundles (vs. absent in C. marginata, 10 in C. appendiculata, and two in C. langsdorffii), and a plano-convex contour (vs. cordate in C. appendiculata and planoconvex in C. marginata and C. langsdorffii). The anatomical features of the petiole observed in the studied species are similar to those of members of the Leguminosae Juss. subfam. Detarioideae Burmeist., tribe Detarieae DC., which belongs to the genus Copaifera, as observed in the genus Hymenaea Linnaeus (1753: 1192) by Silva et al. (2012). The rachis of Copaifera appendiculata has an ovoid contour, canaliculate, and slightly ondulate on the adaxial surface (Fig. 6a), while in C. marginata the rachis is evenly rounded and without undulations (Fig. 6f). The anatomy of the rachis of both species is very similar to that observed in the petiole, that is, C. marginada has a hypodermis as well as accessory vascular bundles and secretory cavities diffused throughout the parenchyma (Fig. 6f, g). In both taxa, the epidermis is unistratified, commonly with rectangular or quadrangular cells surrounded by a thick cuticle (Fig. 6c, g); the cortex comprises 2–4 layers of angular collenchyma, 3 to 7 layers of parenchyma, with some sclereids and secretory cavities dispersed throughout the parenchyma (Fig. 6b, c, e, g, j), and associated with fibers in C. marginata (Fig. 6h). The vascular systems of the rachis of the species studied here are formed by collateral vascular bundles with a conspicuous sheath of fibers, which are associated with sclereids in C. marginata (Fig. 6a, f, h). C. appendiculata has a central vascular bundle in a closed arc, and four accessory vascular bundles facing the adaxial surface (Fig. 6a, b); C. marginata has only a central vascular bundle in a closed arc, which occupies the largest extension between the rachis tissues (Fig. 6f, i). The pith is conspicuous in these species, with parenchymatic cells and secretory cavities in C. appendiculata (Fig. 6a, d) but few parenchyma cells in C. marginata (Fig. 6f). Non-glandular trichomes were also observed in both species (Fig. 6a, g, f). This work provides the first descriptive report of rachis anatomy for Copaifera. The midribs of the leaflets of Copaifera appendiculata have concave-convex contours; in C marginata they are plano-convex, with the first convexity angle being more conspicuous and acute (Fig. 7a, f). The epidermis of the species is unistratified, with common cells of varying sizes and shapes between the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. The epidermal cells of C. appendiculata are rectangular on the adaxial surface and ovoid on the abaxial surface (vs. quadrangular and rounded in C. marginata), with the cells on the abaxial surface being larger than those on the adaxial surface (Fig. 7b, c); in contrast, the adaxial cells of C. marginata are larger than those on the abaxial surface (Fig. 7g, h). Stomata, distributed at the same level as the common cells of the adaxial epidermis, were observed only in C. appendiculata (Fig. 7b), whereas a hypodermis was found only in C. marginata (Fig. 7g, h). The cortex of both species comprises 2 or 3 layers of angular collenchyma (Fig. 7c) and 4 to 6 layers of parenchyma cells of varying shapes and sizes (Fig. 7b, c, h, j). Sclereids and secretory cavities were observed in both taxa (Fig. 7c, g, h). Polyhedral crystals were found near the fibers associated with the vascular system in C. appendiculata (Fig. 7e). The two species have a single collateral bundle in a closed arch with a conspicuous sheath consisting of gelatinous and libriform fibers (Fig. 7d, e, g, i), and pith composed of parenchymatic cells of varying dimensions (Fig. 7d, i). Some of the anatomical characters observed in the midrib of the species studied here (e.g., a unistratified epidermis, parenchymatic pith, vascular system with collateral bundles [the largest of which are surrounded by a conspicuous fiber sheath], presence of collenchyma in a subepidermal position and secretory cavities diffused by the cortex) also occur in C. langsdorffii (Oliveira et al. 2008; Rodrigues et al. 2011; Nascimento et al. 2014), in C. sabulicola (Carvalho et al. 2019), and in C. pubiflora Bentham (Ferreira & Flores 2013). Other characters, however, support the taxonomic separation of the species studied here, and distinguish them from the two previously mentioned taxa, such, as a hypodermis present on the adaxial surface of C. marginata (vs. absent in the others), the presence of two accessory vascular bundles in C. sabulicola (vs. 3 or 4 in C. langsdorffii and absent in the others), and a biconvex contour in C. langsdorffii (vs. concave-convex in C. appendiculata, and plano-convex in C. marginata, C. sabulicola and C. pubiflora). The leaf blades of both species have a unistratified epidermis with rectangular, quadrangular or ovoid common cells covered by a thick cuticle (Fig. 8a, b, g, h). Both species have a dorsiventral mesophyll composed of three layers of palisade parenchyma, although C. appendiculata has 2 or 3 layers of spongy parenchyma (vs. 2 layers of palisade parenchyma and 3 or 4 layers of spongy parenchyma in C. marginata). Both species also have large diffuse secretory cavities by the chlorenchyma (Fig. 8a, d, g), although they are more common in C. appendiculata, with polyhedral crystals close to the fibers associated with the vascular bundles (Fig. 8f). Both species have collateral vascular bundles of larger and smaller calibers in the mesophyll, the first ones surrounded by a sclerenchymatic sheath that projects to both surfaces of the leaf blade (Fig. 8b, e, h, k). The leaves of both species are hypostomatic, and their stomata have large substomatic chambers, distributed at the same level as the other common cells (Fig. 8d, j). An unistratified epidermis with juxtaposed cells with a thick cuticle, a dorsiventral mesophyll composed of up to 3 layers of palisade parenchyma, hypostomatic leaves, secretory cavities, and collateral vascular bundles with fiber sheaths projected to both sides of the epidermis in the leaf blade, appear to be common characters in the genus Copaifera, as described for C. sabulicola by Carvalho et al. (2019), for C. langsdorffii by Nascimento et al. (2014) and Melo Júnior et al. (2012), and for C. pubiflora by Ferreira & Flores (2013), and as described for members of the Hymenaea clade (also belonging to Detarioideae subfam., and sister of the Copaifera clade) (LPWG 2017; Pinto et al. 2018). The numbers of palisade parenchyma layers differentiate C. appendiculata from C. marginata, and both of them from C. sabulicola and C. langsdorffii, which have, respectively, 3, 2, 2 or 3, and 1 or 2 layers (this study, Oliveira et al. 2008; Rodrigues et al. 2011; Nascimento et al. 2014; Carvalho et al. 2019). The leaf margins of C. appendiculata are obtuse, and comprise, in a subepidermal position, a layer of angular collenchyma, 2 layers of parenchyma cells, and a marginal collateral vascular bundle surrounded by a sclerenchymatic sheath composed of up to 4 layers of cells (Fig. 8a). C. marginata, however, has a conspicuously rounded leaf edge, with two layers of parenchyma and secretory cavities, in addition to a collateral vascular bundle sheath with fibers having 7 to 10 cell layers (Fig. 8g). The xylem vessel elements in the vascular bundles of C. appendiculata are arranged in straight lines (Fig. 8a), but form arches in the congenera (Fig. 8g). The leaf margin of the two species studied here have vascular bundles with conspicuous layers of fibers (similar to those of C. sabulicola and C. langsdorffii), although they are more expressive in C. marginata (Fig. 8g). Some of the anatomical characters observed in the leaf tissues of the studied species, such as a thick
Euploca decorticans M. J. Silva & J. I. M. Melo 2022, sp. nov.
No full textEuploca decorticans M.J. Silva & J.I.M. Melo, sp. nov. (Figs. 1, 2 and 3). Subshrubs or shrubs 0.9–1.85 m tall, always erect; stem exfoliating by cinereous longitudinal plates; leaves held horizontally, petiolate, with base obtuse, apex obtuse or acute, velutinous-whitish on both surfaces; venation brochidodromous; inflorescence 9–23 cm long, opposite to the leaves, solitary; flowers 8.4–8.9 mm long, always pedicellate, the calyx 3.7–3.8 mm long, velutinous externally, with lobes triangular or oblong-triangular, the corolla 7.4–7.8 mm long, salverform, entirely yellow. Type:— BRAZIL. Goiás: Niquelândia, Reserva Particular de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Legado Verdes do Cerrado, Núcleo Engenho, Área do Coimbra, crescendo sobre solo areno-pedregoso, em topo de morro a 100 m da lateral direita da Caverna Timbó, Cerrado Denso, 14º33’08”S, 48º30’04”W, 644 m a.s.l., 28 January 2021, fl., fr., M. J. Silva 11899 (holotype UFG!; isotypes CEN!, HACAM!, NY!, to be distributed). Subshrubs or shrubs 0.9–1.85 m tall, erect or suberect when greater than 1.5 m tall; adult stems glabrous, cinereous, flaking off in thin longitudinal plates, young stems densely velutinous-canescent or whitish; xylopodium absent. Leaves alternate spiral, held horizontally with Kranz anatomy, petiole 1.8–2 mm long, villous, non decurrent; leaf blades 3–3.8 × 1.2–1.6 cm, membranaceous, discolored, abaxial surface light green, abaxial surface opaque green or green-whitish, elliptic or ovate-elliptic, apex acute or obtuse, base obtuse, margin flat or slightly revolute, ciliated, velutinous on both surfaces, the trichomes shorter on abaxial surface, whitish; venation brochidodromous, midrib impressed on adaxial surface and prominent on abaxial surface, secondary veins 4–6 pairs, impressed on both surfaces, Inflorescence (9) 10–23 cm long, 1.1–15 cm, terminal, sometimes axillary and opposite to the leaves, always solitary, congested, many flowered; peduncle 1–1.2 cm long, similar to the branches and leaves in relation to the trichomes; bracts 3–3.2 × 0.8–1 mm, membranaceous, elliptic or oblong-spatulate, persistent, flat, velutinous externally, ciliate, barbelate internally. Flowers 8.4–8.9 mm long; pedicel 1.7–1.8 mm long; calyx 3.7–3.8 × 0.9–1.1 mm, lobes triangular to oblong-triangular, velutinous externally, glabrous internally; corolla 7.4–7.8 mm long, salverform, always entirely yellow, velutinous externally along its length and in the central portion of the lobes, tube 4–4.1 mm long, lobes 2–2.1 × 2.5–2.6 mm, widely oval, apex obtuse or rounded, shortly mucronate; stamens subsessile, filaments inserted 2–2.1 mm above the base of the tube; anthers 1.8–2 mm long, cordate, pubescent and slightly coherent at the apex; ovary 0.4–0.5 mm long, style ca. 0.7 mm long, cylindrical; stigma 0.6–0.7 mm long, bifid at the apex. Schizocarp 1.1–1.2 × 1.8–1.9 mm, globose, shortly pubescent, styles and stigma persistent, nutlets 4, ca. 0.9 mm long, angulate, brownish, with a cavity (pit) in each ventral surface. Distribution and habitat:— The species has so far been found in the municipality of Niquelândia, state of Goiás (Fig. 3), where it grows on hilltops in open areas of “cerrado denso” on sandy-clay and stony soil close to rock outcrops between 644 and 1000 meters of elevation. It draws attention in the landscape for its erect aspect and the slender stems with rhytidome conspicuously flaking off in plates. Among the species of the genus occurring in Brazil, this reaches up to 1.85 m tall, which probably makes its stem topple and be parallel to the ground, when then its inflorescences up to 25 cm in length and in an ascending aspect. Phenology:— Collected with flowers and fruits between January and March. Etymology:— The specific epithet “ decorticans ” alludes to the species presenting a stem with rhytidome flaking off in grayish longitudinal plates. Preliminary conservation status:— Euploca decortica ns has an Extent of Occurrence and Area of Occupancy calculate as 179.9 km 2 and 12.000 km 2, respectively so it is considered Endangered [EN B2 ab (iii)]. Despite this, we emphasize that the new species was found in a Permanent Biodiversity protection unit that is the Private Reserve of Sustainable Development Legado Verdes do Cerrado, which ensures its full protection, and that it grows in a very common type of vegetation in the highlands of the state of Goiás, “cerrado denso”, so it might be found in other locations in the state of Goiás, Brazil. Affinities and morphological characterization:— Euploca decortica ns is morphologically most similar to E. salicoides (Fig. 4) shown especially by the color of the branches, leaves and corolla and, partly by the habit and appearance of growth. However, E. decorticans is a subshrub or shrub with slender stems presenting 0.9–1.85 m tall, always erect (vs. subshrub with 0.2–0.9 m tall, erect, prostrate or decumbent in E. salicoides), has an adult stem flaking off in longitudinal plates (vs. striated with fissures, but never flaking off), young branches velutinous (vs. strigose or villous); leaves petiolate, held horizontally, the leaf blades 3–3.8 × 1.2–1.6 cm, elliptical or oval-elliptical, velutinous on both surfaces, with base obtuse and margin flat or slightly revolute (vs. sessile or subsessile, ascending, the leaf blade 0.7–5 × 0.15–1.4 cm, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, oval-lanceolate or broadly ovate, hirsute or villous on the adaxial surface and strigose or tomentose on the abaxial surface, with base truncated or cordate, and margin conspicuously revolute), venation brochidodromous (vs. apparently hyphodromous), inflorescences 9–23 cm long, showing the same trichomes as the branches (vs. 1.1–15 cm long, strigose or tomentose); bracts 3–3.2 × 0.8–1 mm, elliptical or oblong-spatulate, flat (vs. 2–5 × 0.5–3 mm, lanceolate or oval, revolute); flowers with 8.4–8.9 mm long, the pedicel 1.7–1.8 mm long (vs. flowers 4–5 mm long, sessile or with pedicel up to 1 mm long), calyx 3.7–3.8 mm long, lobes triangular or oblong-triangular (vs. calyx 2–3 mm long, the lobes elliptical or widely elliptical); corolla 7.4–7.8 mm long, entirely yellow, salverform, velutinous externally (vs. corolla 3–5 mm long, tubular, yellow or white, strigose externally); anthers 1.8–2 mm long, cordate (vs. ca. 1 mm long, ovate); style ca. 0.7 mm long (vs. style 1–1.1 mm long), as well as schizocarp with 1.8–1.9 mm diameter (vs. ca. 1.5 mm). Additional specimens examined (Paratypes):— BRAZIL. Goiás: Niquelândia, Macedo, ca. 15 km N of Niquelândia, 14º18’S, 48º24’W, 1000 m a.s.l., 22 April 1988, fl., fr., R. E . Brooks et al. 192 (NY); ibd., Reserva Particular de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Legado Verdes do Cerrado, Núcleo Engenho, Área do Coimbra, crescendo sobre solo areno-pedregoso em topo de morro cerca de 100 m da lateral direita da Caverna Timbó, cerrado denso, 14º33’08”S, 48º30’04”W, 644 m a.s.l., 28 January 2021, fl., fr., M. J . Silva 11718 (UFG), M. J . Silva 11719 (UFG), M. J . Silva 11720 (UFG), M. J . Silva 11721 (UFG), M. J . Silva 11722 (UFG), M. J . Silva 11723 (UFG), M. J . Silva 11724 (UFG), M. J . Silva 11725 (UFG), M. J . Silva 11726 (UFG); ibd., topo de morro, 14º33’07”S, 48º30’03”W, 673 m a.s.l., 19 February 2021, fl., fr., M. J . Silva 11896 (UFG), 11897 (UFG), 11898 (UFG); ibd., após o cordão rochoso do topo de morro cerca de 300 m na lateral da Caverna do Timbó, 14°18’04”S, 48°40’14”W, 656 m a.s.l., 27 March 2021, fl., fr., M. J . Silva, A. A. Alonso & I. S. Santos 12142 (UFG); Área do Zé Gordo, primeiro afloramento de rochas da estrada principal, cerca de 1,1 km a partir da entrada lateral de acesso a casa abandonada, 14°34’12”S, 48°23’30”W, 687 m a.s.l., 20 February 2021, fl., fr., M. J . Silva, I. S. Santos & B. R. Pereira 12015 (UFG), 12016 (UFG), 12017 (UFG), 12018 (UFG).Published as part of Silva, Marcos José Da & Melo, José Iranildo Miranda De, 2022, A new species of " rooster coomb ", Euploca decorticans (Heliotropiaceae), from the highlands of the state of Goiás, Brazil, pp. 245-250 in Phytotaxa 530 (2) on pages 245-250, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.530.2.12, http://zenodo.org/record/583262
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