15,789 research outputs found
Tot kritiek van eenige latijnsche gedichtjes /
No full textIn: Versl. en med. der Kon. akademie van wetenschappen. Afd. letterkunde. 2e reeks; dl. 3
Birthing outside the system: trauma and autonomy in maternity care
No full textContains fulltext :
201204.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Open Access)Radboud University, 19 maart 2019Promotores : Vandenbussche, F.P.H.A., Post, J.A.M. van der Co-promotores : Dillen, J. van, Miranda, E.R. d
Cultural inheritance and diversification of diet in variable environments
No full textBoth cultural inheritance and cultural diversification of diets may play an important role in animal evolution. Here we studied how diet innovation and cultural change relate to cultural inheritance in a changing environment. We did this by studying diet cultures in group foragers adapting to environmental change through learning, and the consequences this has for diet differentiation between groups. We used an individual-based model of 'monkeys' that learn what to eat in a rich environment, and we changed resource species that are available in the environment. Relative to social influences on learning that arise spontaneously in groups, we found that more direct social learning, in the sense of observing another individual and copying what it eats, helps groups deal with high levels of environmental variability by generating greater group level incorporation of diet 'innovations' and enhancing cumulative cultural diet improvement. An important factor for the dual role of copying in diet innovation and cultural inheritance is how copying is mediated by foraging opportunities in the environment in the short term. During adaptation to environmental changes, groups diverge in diet. This is caused by differences in learning history and is increased when individuals copy each other, but this depends on migration. Furthermore, when groups live together in the same environment and compete for resources, diet differentiation is enhanced through what appears to be culturally mediated character displacement. (C) 2009 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Netherlands Science Organization [051-12-040
Patch depletion, niche structuring and the evolution of co-operative foraging
No full textAbstract Background Many animals live in groups. One proposed reason is that grouping allows cooperative food finding. Group foraging models suggest that grouping could increase food finding rates, but that such group processes could be evolutionarily unstable. These models assume discrete food patches which are fully detectable. However, often animals may only be able to perceive local parts of larger-scale environmental patterns. We therefore use a spatial individual-based model where food patches are aggregates of food items beyond the scale of individual perception. We then study the evolution of foraging and grouping behavior in environments with different resource distributions. Results Our results show that grouping can evolve to increase food intake rates. Two kinds of grouping evolve: traveling pairs and opportunistic grouping, where individuals only aggregate when feeding. Grouping evolves because it allows individuals to better sense and deplete patches. Such enhanced patch depletion is particularly apparent on fragmented and partially depleted patches, which are especially difficult for solitary foragers to deplete. Solitary foragers often leave a patch prematurely because a whole patch cannot be observed directly. In groups, individuals that are still eating allow other individuals that inadvertently leave the patch, to return and continue feeding. For this information sharing a grouping tendency is sufficient and observing whether a neighbor is eating is not necessary. Grouping therefore leads to a release from individual sensing constraints and a shift in niche specialization, allowing individuals to better exploit partially depleted patches. Conclusions The evolved group foraging can be seen as cooperative in the sense that it leads to a mutually-beneficial synergy: together individuals can achieve more than on their own. This cooperation exists as a group-level process generated by the interaction between grouping and the environment. Thus we reveal how such a synergy can originate in evolution as a side-effect of grouping via multi-level selection. Here there is no cooperative dilemma as individuals cannot avoid producing information for their neighbors. This scenario may be a useful starting point for studying the evolution of further social and cooperative complexity.</p
Local orientation and the evolution of foraging: changes in decision making can eliminate evolutionary trade-offs.
No full textInformation processing is a major aspect of the evolution of animal behavior. In foraging, responsiveness to local feeding opportunities can generate patterns of behavior which reflect or "recognize patterns" in the environment beyond the perception of individuals. Theory on the evolution of behavior generally neglects such opportunity-based adaptation. Using a spatial individual-based model we study the role of opportunity-based adaptation in the evolution of foraging, and how it depends on local decision making. We compare two model variants which differ in the individual decision making that can evolve (restricted and extended model), and study the evolution of simple foraging behavior in environments where food is distributed either uniformly or in patches. We find that opportunity-based adaptation and the pattern recognition it generates, plays an important role in foraging success, particularly in patchy environments where one of the main challenges is "staying in patches". In the restricted model this is achieved by genetic adaptation of move and search behavior, in light of a trade-off on within- and between-patch behavior. In the extended model this trade-off does not arise because decision making capabilities allow for differentiated behavioral patterns. As a consequence, it becomes possible for properties of movement to be specialized for detection of patches with more food, a larger scale information processing not present in the restricted model. Our results show that changes in decision making abilities can alter what kinds of pattern recognition are possible, eliminate an evolutionary trade-off and change the adaptive landscape
De post-crash fase van verkeersongevallen
No full textVerkenning van de structuren en aspecten die in de post-crash problematiek een rol spelen. Oriëntatie op de vraag met welke optiek de problematiek benaderd moet worden en het ontwikkelen van een geschikte benaderingsmethode. Aanzet geven tot de ontwikkeling van een post-crash simulatiemodel aan de hand waarvan de relevantie van deelproblemen kan worden onderzocht. Inventariseren van de bestaande kennis en status quo d.m.v. literatuurstudie en het aanboren van overige informatiebronnen. Toegankelijk maken van de verkregen kennis door vorming van een post-crash documentatiesysteem. Leggen van een basis voor verder onderzoek en inzicht in het probleemveld door uitgaande van een integrale benadering een denkraam te ontwikkelen en discussiepunten aan te dragen.Applied SciencesElectrotechniekAutomatische Verkeerssysteme
Ex post evaluation of buildings
No full textLiterally, ‘evaluating’ means to assess something’s ‘value’. It would seem that the term orginated in the banking world, where evaluation stands for appraisal in terms of the stock exchange, and for determining prices in cash. In the case of evaluations in the discipline of architecture, it is relevant to distinguish between product orientated evaluations – for instance, of a commission, design, contracting or realised building – and process orientated evaluations: for instance, of the course of the process from initiative up to and including usage and maintenance; or solely honed to the design process. In this contribution we are concentrating on ‘ex post’ (afterward) evaluation of buildings. For a study of an ‘ex ante’ (before) evaluation we refer to the contribution by Hulsbergen and Van der SchaafImportant questions include: is a building used in accordance with the intentions of all involved parties? Are daily users satisfied with their accommodation? To what extent does the actual energy consumption fit the expected energy consumption? To what extent do laymen and experts agree on its architectural quality? Is the building designed and constructed according to the standards of the Building Code?In order to understand the design and be able to interpret the results of a product evaluation, it is important to include the implementation process in the evaluation. How has the planning process come about? On which considerations are the design decisions based? What kind of expertise was used in the programming phase, the development of the architectural concept, and other stages of the process? Is it characterised by an inter-action of design and research and an effective participation by clients and users? To what extent did legislative prescriptions and economic constraints act on the design?Real Estate Managemen
Resource distributions affect social learning on multiple timescales
No full textWe study how learning is shaped by foraging opportunities and self-organizing processes and how this impacts on the effects of "copying what neighbors eat" on multiple timescales. We use an individual-based model with a rich environment, where group foragers learn what to eat. We vary foraging opportunities by changing local variation in resources, studying copying in environments with pure patches, varied patches, and uniform distributed resources. We find that copying can help individuals explore the environment by sharing information, but this depends on how foraging opportunities shape the learning process. Copying has the greatest impact in varied patches, where local resource variation makes learning difficult, but local resource abundance makes copying easy. In contrast, copying is redundant or excessive in pure patches where learning is easy, and mostly ineffective in uniform environments where learning is difficult. Our results reveal that the mediation of copying behavior by individual experience is crucial for the impact of copying. Moreover, we find that the dynamics of social learning at short timescales shapes cultural phenomena. In fact, the integration of learning on short and long timescales generates cumulative cultural improvement in diet. Our results therefore provide insight into how and when such processes can arise. These insights need to be taken into account when considering behavioral patterns in nature
Co-evolution of behaviour and social network structure promotes human cooperation
No full textP>The ubiquity of cooperation in nature is puzzling because cooperators can be exploited by defectors. Recent theoretical work shows that if dynamic networks define interactions between individuals, cooperation is favoured by natural selection. To address this, we compare cooperative behaviour in multiple but independent repeated games between participants in static and dynamic networks. In the latter, participants could break their links after each social interaction. As predicted, we find higher levels of cooperation in dynamic networks. Through biased link breaking (i.e. to defectors) participants affected their social environment. We show that this link-breaking behaviour leads to substantial network clustering and we find primarily cooperators within these clusters. This assortment is remarkable because it occurred on top of behavioural assortment through direct reciprocity and beyond the perception of participants, and represents a self-organized pattern. Our results highlight the importance of the interaction between ecological context and selective pressures on cooperation
Reintje de Vos : het oorspronkelijke vrij naverteld /
No full textBew. van de vert. uit het Hoogduits door S.J. van den Bergh: Reintje de Vos / het oorspronkelijke vrij naverteld door Julius Eduard Hartmann. - Utrecht : Van der Post, ca. 1851.Kuijk, Ja
- …
