228 research outputs found
Quality assessment for Linked Data: A Survey
No full textThe development and standardization of Semantic Web technologies has resulted in an unprecedented volume of data being published on the Web as Linked Data (LD). However, we observe widely varying data quality ranging from extensively curated datasets to crowdsourced and extracted data of relatively low quality. In this article, we present the results of a systematic review of approaches for assessing the quality of LD. We gather existing approaches and analyze them qualitatively. In particular, we unify and formalize commonly used terminologies across papers related to data quality and provide a comprehensive list of 18 quality dimensions and 69 metrics. Additionally, we qualitatively analyze the 30 core approaches and 12 tools using a set of attributes. The aim of this article is to provide researchers and data curators a comprehensive understanding of existing work, thereby encouraging further experimentation and development of new approaches focused towards data quality, specifically for LD
Understanding the abnormal brain activity in epilepsy as a potential predictor of the onset of an epileptic seizure
No full textThe Brain Research Institute (BRI) uses various types of indirect measurements, including EEG and fMRI, to understand and assess brain activity and function. As well as the recovery of generic information about brain function, research also focuses on the utilisation of such data and understanding to study the initiation, dynamics, spread and suppression of epileptic seizures. To assist with the future focussing of this aspect of their research, the BRI asked the MISG 2010 participants to examine how the available EEG and fMRI data and current knowledge about epilepsy should be analysed and interpreted to yield an enhanced understanding about brain activity occurring before, at commencement of, during, and after a seizure. Though the deliberations of the study group were wide ranging in terms of the related matters considered and discussed, considerable progress was made with the following three aspects. (1) The science behind brain activity investigations depends crucially on the quality of the analysis and interpretation of, as well as the recovery of information from, EEG and fMRI measurements. A number of specific methodologies were discussed and formalised, including independent component analysis, principal component analysis, profile monitoring and change point analysis (hidden Markov modelling, time series analysis, discontinuity identification). (2) Even though EEG measurements accurately and very sensitively record the onset of an epileptic event or seizure, they are, from the perspective of understanding the internal initiation and localisation, of limited utility. They only record neuronal activity in the cortical (surface layer) neurons of the brain, which is a direct reflection of the type of electrical activity they have been designed to record. Because fMRI records, through the monitoring of blood flow activity, the location of localised brain activity within the brain, the possibility of combining fMRI measurements with EEG, as a joint inversion activity, was discussed and examined in detail. (3) A major goal for the BRI is to improve understanding about ``when'' (at what time) an epileptic seizure actually commenced before it is identified on an eeg recording, ``where'' the source of this initiation is located in the brain, and ``what'' is the initiator. Because of the general agreement in the literature that, in one way or another, epileptic events and seizures represent abnormal synchronisations of localised and/or global brain activity the modelling of synchronisations was examined in some detail. References C. M. Michel, G. Thut, S. Morand, A. Khateb, A. J. Pegna, R. Grave de Peralta, S. Gonzalez, M. Seeck and T. Landis, Electric source imaging of human brain functions, Brain Res. 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NOP Receptor Antagonists Decrease Alcohol Drinking in the Dark in C57BL/6J Mice
No full textBackground: The nociceptin/orphanin FQ opioid peptide (NOP) receptor and its endogenous ligand N/OFQ have been implicated in the regulation of drug and alcohol use disorders (AUD). In particular, evidence demonstrated that NOP receptor activation blocks reinforcing and motivating effects of alcohol across a range of behavioral measures, including alcohol intake, conditioned place preference, and vulnerability to relapse. Methods: Here, we show the effects of pharmacological activation and inhibition of NOP receptors on binge-like alcohol consumption, as measured by the “drinking in the dark” (DID) model in C57BL/6J mice. Results: We found that 2 potent and selective NOP agonists AT-202 (0, 0.3, 1, 3 mg/kg) and AT-312 (0, 0.3, 1 mg/kg) did not affect binge alcohol drinking at doses that do not affect locomotor activity. AT-202 also failed to alter DID behavior when administered to mice previously exposed to chronic alcohol treatment with an alcohol-containing liquid diet. Conversely, treatment with either the high affinity NOP receptor antagonist SB-612111 (0, 3, 10, 30 mg/kg) or the selective antagonist LY2817412 (0, 3, 10, 30 mg/kg) decreased binge drinking. SB-612111 was effective at all doses examined, and LY2817412 was effective at 30 mg/kg. Consistently, NOP receptor knockout mice consumed less alcohol compared to wild type. SB-612111 reduced DID and increased sucrose consumption at doses that do not appear to affect locomotor activity. However, the high dose of SB-612111 (30 mg/kg) reduced alcohol intake but failed to inhibit preference in a 2-bottle choice DID model that can assess moderate alcohol intake. Conclusions: The present results suggest that NOP receptor inhibition rather than activation may represent a valuable approach for treatment of AUD characterized by excessive alcohol consumption such as binge drinking
WRF-Chem model predictions of the regional impacts of N2O5 heterogeneous processes on night-time chemistry over north-western Europe
No full textChemical modelling studies have been conducted over north-western Europe in summer conditions, showing that night-time dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) heterogeneous reactive uptake is important regionally in modulating particulate nitrate and has a modest influence on oxidative chemistry. Results from Weather Research and Forecasting model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model simulations, run with a detailed volatile organic compound (VOC) gas-phase chemistry scheme and the Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC) sectional aerosol scheme, were compared with a series of airborne gas and particulate measurements made over the UK in July 2010. Modelled mixing ratios of key gas-phase species were reasonably accurate (correlations with measurements of 0.7-0.9 for NO2 and O-3). However modelled loadings of particulate species were less accurate (correlation with measurements for particulate sulfate and ammonium were between 0.0 and 0.6). Sulfate mass loadings were particularly low (modelled means of 0.5-0.7 mu gkg(air)(-1), compared with measurements of 1.0-1.5 mu gkg(air)(-1)). Two flights from the campaign were used as test cases - one with low relative humidity (RH) (60-70 \%), the other with high RH (80-90 \%). N2O5 heterogeneous chemistry was found to not be important in the low-RH test case; but in the high-RH test case it had a strong effect and significantly improved the agreement between modelled and measured NO3 and N2O5. When the model failed to capture atmospheric RH correctly, the modelled NO3 and N2O5 mixing ratios for these flights differed significantly from the measurements. This demonstrates that, for regional modelling which involves heterogeneous processes, it is essential to capture the ambient temperature and water vapour profiles. The night-time NO3 oxidation of VOCs across the whole region was found to be 100-300 times slower than the day-time OH oxidation of these compounds. The difference in contribution was less for alkenes (x80) and comparable for dimethylsulfide (DMS). However the suppression of NO3 mixing ratios across the domain by N2O5 heterogeneous chemistry has only a very slight, negative, influence on this oxidative capacity. The influence on regional particulate nitrate mass loadings is stronger. Night-time N2O5 heterogeneous chemistry maintains the production of particulate nitrate within polluted regions: when this process is taken into consideration, the daytime peak (for the 95th percentile) of PM10 nitrate mass loadings remains around 5.6 mu gkg(air)(-1), but the night-time minimum increases from 3.5 to 4.6 mu gkg(air)(-1). The sustaining of higher particulate mass loadings through the night by this process improves model skill at matching measured aerosol nitrate diurnal cycles and will negatively impact on regional air quality, requiring this process to be included in regional models
POST MARKETING SURVEILLANCE STUDY ON RISPERIDONE IN PATIENTS SUFFERING FROM SCHIZOPHRENIA
No full textSchizophrenia is one of the commonest psychiatric ailments. It has been estimated that approximately 1% of the population and 15% of the adults suffers from this disease.
Risperidone, atypical antipsychotic, acts mainly by 5HT2 blockade action. Produce virtually no extra pyramidal side effects at low dose, has a broad efficacy. But extra pyramidal dysfunction can appear at higher doses. We conducted a post marketing surveillance study on risperidone in 40 patients suffering from schizophrenia at Psychiatric department of Civil Hospital, Ahmedabad. In this study we specially studied its efficacy and safety. The results of this study are consistent with phase III clinical studies on risperidone carried out in Indian patients except its effects on food intake. As far as the efficacy of risperidone in patient with schizophrenia is concerned, it provided good symptomatic relief In term of safety, 7 patients out of 40, experience adverse effects like decrease appetite, constipation, insomnia, EPS and NMS. Patient with NMS was admitted in hospital and was died later on.
simpleSOM models for "A Computationally Efficient Model to Represent the Chemistry, Thermodynamics, and Microphysics of Secondary Organic Aerosol (simpleSOM): Model Development and Application to alpha-pinene SOA"
No full textTwo versions of the simpleSOM-MOSAIC box model are included in this archive. One version is in FORTRAN with a Python wrapper and the other version is in Igor. The two code versions have been benchmarked against each other. simpleSOM-MOSAIC simulates multigenerational gas-phase chemistry, phase-state-influenced kinetic gas/particle partitioning, heterogeneous chemistry, oligomerization reactions, and vapor losses to the walls of Teflon chambers. In the associated paper we used the Igor version of simpleSOM-MOSAIC to simulate the SOA formation from photooxidation of ð > 1/4-pinene (see associated publication for details). The data and parameters used in the associated publication are included in the code version, so the results can be reproduced. The Igor version of the code has two .pxp files that have been benchmarked against each other. The primary difference between the two versions are the variable names and the organization of the subroutines. The current versions of the code will also be tracked on Github. The attached versions of the models were finalized in 2021 at Colorado State University in Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.Secondary organic aerosols (SOAs) constitute an important fraction of fine-mode atmospheric aerosol mass. Frameworks used to develop SOA parameters from laboratory experiments and subsequently used to simulate SOA formation in atmospheric models make many simplifying assumptions about the processes that lead to SOA formation in the interest of computational efficiency. These assumptions can limit the ability of the model to predict the mass, composition, and properties of SOAs accurately. In this work, we developed a computationally efficient, process-level model named simpleSOM to represent the chemistry, thermodynamic properties, and microphysics of SOAs. simpleSOM simulates multigenerational gas-phase chemistry, phase-state-influenced kinetic gas/particle partitioning, heterogeneous chemistry, oligomerization reactions, and vapor losses to the walls of Teflon chambers. As a case study, we used simpleSOM to simulate SOA formation from the photooxidation of a-pinene. This was done to demonstrate the ability of the model to develop parameters that can reproduce environmental chamber data, to highlight the chemical and microphysical processes within simpleSOM, and discuss implications for SOA formation in chambers and in the real atmosphere. SOA parameters developed from experiments performed in the chamber at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) reproduced observations of SOA mass yield, O:C, and volatility distribution gathered from other chambers. Sensitivity simulations suggested that multigenerational gas-phase aging contributed to nearly half of all SOAs and that in the absence of vapor wall losses, SOA production in the Caltech chamber could be nearly 50% higher. Heterogeneous chemistry did not seem to affect SOA formation over the short timescales for oxidation experienced in the chamber experiments. Simulations performed under atmospherically relevant conditions indicated that the SOA mass yields were sensitive to whether and how oligomerization reactions and the particle phase state were represented in the chamber experiment from which the parameters were developed. simpleSOM provides a comprehensive, process-based framework to consistently model the SOA formation and evolution in box and 3D models
CARES: Carbonaceous Aerosol and Radiative Effects Study Operations Plan
No full textThe CARES field campaign is motivated by the scientific issues described in the CARES Science Plan. The primary objectives of this field campaign are to investigate the evolution and aging of carbonaceous aerosols and their climate-affecting properties in the urban plume of Sacramento, California, a mid-size, mid-latitude city that is located upwind of a biogenic volatile organic compound (VOC) emission region. Our basic observational strategy is to make comprehensive gas, aerosol, and meteorological measurements upwind, within, and downwind of the urban area with the DOE G-1 aircraft and at strategically located ground sites so as to study the evolution of urban aerosols as they age and mix with biogenic SOA precursors. The NASA B-200 aircraft, equipped with the High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL), digital camera, and the Research Scanning Polarimeter (RSP), will be flown in coordination with the G-1 to characterize the vertical and horizontal distribution of aerosols and aerosol optical properties, and to provide the vertical context for the G-1 and ground in situ measurements
Radiotherapy dose-volume parameters predict videofluoroscopy-detected dysphagia per DIGEST after IMRT for oropharyngeal cancer: Results of a prospective registry
No full textPurpose: Our primary aim was to prospectively validate retrospective dose-response models of chronic radiation-associated dysphagia (RAD) after intensity modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). The secondary aim was to validate a grade ≥2 cut-point of the published videofluoroscopic dysphagia severity (Dynamic Imaging Grade for Swallowing Toxicity, DIGEST) as radiation dose-dependent. Material and methods: Ninety-seven patients enrolled on an IRB-approved prospective registry protocol with stage I-IV OPC underwent pre- and 3-6 month post-RT videofluoroscopy. Dose-volume histograms (DVH) for swallowing regions of interest (ROI) were calculated. Dysphagia severity was graded per DIGEST criteria (dichotomized with grade ≥2 as moderate/severe RAD). Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) and Bayesian Information Criteria (BIC) were used to identify dose-volume effects associated with moderate/severe RAD. Results: 31% developed moderate/severe RAD (i.e. DIGEST grade ≥2) at 3-6 months after RT. RPA found DVH-derived dosimetric parameters of geniohyoid/mylohyoid (GHM), superior pharyngeal constrictor (SPC), and supraglottic region were associated with DIGEST grade ≥2 RAD. V61 ≥ 18.57% of GHM demonstrated optimal model performance for prediction of DIGEST grade ≥2. Conclusion: The findings from this prospective longitudinal registry validate prior observations that dose to submental musculature predicts for increased burden of dysphagia after oropharyngeal IMRT. Findings also support dichotomization of DIGEST grade ≥2 as a dose-dependent split for use as an endpoint in trials or predictive dose-response analysis of videofluoroscopy results
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