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Functions and mechanisms of intra-group communication and song coordination during territorial defense in a group breeding bird species, the Yellow-breasted Barbet (Trachyphonus margaritatus)
No full textWydział BiologiiZachowania kooperatywnesą istotną cechą gatunków zwierząt żyjących w grupach a ich zrozumienie nadal stanowii wyzwanie dla poznania ewolucji relacji społecznych i koordynacji zadań wykonywanych w obrębie grup społecznych. Osobniki, które chcą współpracować w celu wspólnego działania muszą komunikować się wzajemnie o swoich intencjach w efekcie dochodząc jakoś do porozumienia. W mojej pracy doktorskiej badałem rolę komunikacji wewnątrzgrupowej w inicjowaniu duetów ichórów, które są formą wspólnego popisu wokalnego, w którym dwa lub kilka osobników śpiewa razem w skoordynowany sposób, przekazując wspólny meta-sygnał. W latach 2019-2023 przeprowadziłem kilka sesji badań terenowych w Dżibuti, gdzie zbierałem dane o zachowaniach wokalnych i innych zachowaniach społecznych wąsala perełkowanego (Trachyphonus margaritatus), gatunku ptaka spoza tzw. ptaków śpiewających (Oscines), który żyje w parach bądź małych grupach społecznych i broniących całoroczne terytoria. Ponieważ zachowania społeczne i repertuar wokalny tego gatunku są słabo zbadane, pierwszym celem mojej pracy było zebranie podstawowych danych dotyczących zachowań społecznych i wokalnych. Do ich zbadania wykorzystałem pasywny monitoring akustyczny, który pozwolił mi na opis codziennej aktywności wokalnej oraz repertuaru wokalnego wąsali perełkowanych. Udało mi się zidentyfikować cztery różne wokalizacje używane podczas interakcji wewnątrz grupy. Odkryłem również, że różne grupy wąsali były aktywne wokalnie głównie rano a nawoływania spajające, służące podtrzymaniu spójności grypy, były często używane przed rozpoczęciem popisu wokalnego w postaci duetu lub chóru. W drugiej części mojego projektu badawczego zbadałem, w jaki sposób wąsale perełkowane inicjują swoje wspólne popisy wokalne. Wiadome już było, że wąsale perełkowane inicjują duety i chóry z pomocą tzw. „głosów przed-duetowych” (opisywanych również jako głosy „chewp”) podczas swego rodzaju „ceremonii powitania”. Jednak natura tych wokalizacji i ich funkcje nie były znane. Nagrywałem kamerą wideo pokazy wąsali w kilku grupach podczas eksperymentów z odtwarzaniem ich śpiewu. Dzięki temu udało mi się szczegółowo opisać, w jaki sposób używają one swoich wokalizacji. Zbadałem również możliwość istnienia sygnału o charakterze multimodalnym. Głosy przed-duetowe mogły być potencjalnie specyficznym sygnałem, który służy jako sygnał rekrutujący osobniki (do wspólnego działania), albo jako sygnał porozumienia osobników do wspólnego rozpoczęcia duetu lub chóru. Udało mi się odnaleźć dwa rodzaje takich wokalizacji, które nazwałem „high chewp” i „low chewp”. Osobnik będący liderem, a więc inicjujący duet lub chór, wydawał większą liczbę głosów high chewpniż osobniki, które za nim podążały i dołączały do zainicjowanego pokazu. Odkryłem również, że osobnik będący liderem, czasami łączył wydawanie dźwięków z chewp z przyjmowaniem postawy ze specyficzną pozycją ogona. Połączenie sygnału dźwiękowego i wizualnego, stanowiło wewnątrzgrupowy sygnał multimodalny, który był pokazywany w celu zainicjowania popisu w postaci duetu lub chóru. Trzecia część mojego projektu skupiała się na zagadnieniach związanych z kontekstem kolektywnych popisów wokalnych i mechanizmach koordynacji śpiewu duetujących osobników. W tym celu wykorzystałem pasywny monitoring akustyczny i eksperymenty z playbackiem, dzięki czemu uzyskałem dane o codziennej aktywności wokalnej poszczególnych grup w zależności od tego w jakim kontekście socjalnym wydają one głosy. Odkryłem, że większość kooperatywnych pokazówwokalnych wykonywanych przez 11 monitorowanych grup wąsali, była wykonana w kontekście interakcji wokalnej z innymi grupami. Wszystkie z 10 grup testowanych w eksperymentach z playbackiem, odpowiadało na niego w sposób wskazujący na jego znaczenie we wspólnej obronie terytorialnej. Wreszcie, badania nad mechanizmami koordynacji śpiewu w duetach u wąsali, nie przyniosły jednoznacznego dowodu wskazującego na interaktywne dopasowywanie śpiewu w czasie między osobnikami duetującymi. Takiedopasowywanie, pozwalałoby na zwalnianie bądź przyspieszanie tempa wspólnej wokalizacji, zgodnie z rytmem partnera. Ptaki jedynie reagowały na rozpoczynanie bądź kończenie śpiewu przez partnera. Podsumowując, wyniki moich badań jednoznacznie pokazują, że u badanego gatunku głosyspójności oraz głosychewpsłużą do inicjowania kolektywnego pokazu wokalnego.
Cooperative behaviour is a prominent feature among group living species and continues to pose challenges to our understanding about the evolution of social relationships and task coordination between members of a same social group. Individuals who are willing to cooperate to achieve a joined action need to communicate their intentions and somehow make a common agreement. In my PhD work, I investigated the role of intra-group communication in the initiation of duet and chorus songs which are a form of collaborative acoustic display in which several individuals sing together in a coordinated manner to deliver one meta-signal. I conducted several fieldwork sessions in Djibouti between 2019-2023 to collect data about the vocal and other social behaviour of the Yellow-breasted barbet (Trachyphonus margaritatus), a non-oscine bird species that lives in pairs or small social group and defend a territory year-round. Since the social behaviour and the vocal repertoire of the species as poorly studied, the first aim of my work consisted of gathering data regarding the social and vocal behaviour. To do so, I used passive acoustic monitoring to study the daily calling activity of the barbets as well as the vocal repertoire. I could identify four distinct vocalisations used during within-group interactions. I also found that the different group of barbets were vocally active mainly in the morning, the cohesion calls which might serve to maintain group cohesiveness were often used before the start of a duet or chorus display. In the second part of my research project, I investigated how barbets initiate their communal vocal displays. It is known that the Yellow-breasted barbet initiates its duet and chorus songs with "pre-duet notes" (also described as "chewp" notes) during a kind of "greeting ceremony". However, the nature of these vocalisations and the functions were unknown. I recorded with a video camera several group displays of barbets during playback experiments, in order to describe in detail the way they use such chewp notes. I also investigated the possible existence of a multimodal signal. The pre-duet notes could be a specific signal that serves either as recruitment signal or as mutual agreement between individuals to start a duet or chorus song. I found two variations of such vocalisations: the high chewp and the low chewp. The leading individual who initiated a duet or chorus emitted a higher number of high chewp notes than the followers who joined the display initiated by the leader. I also found that the leading individual sometimes combined the emission of chewp notes with a specific tail posture. The combination of acoustic and visual signal constituted an intra-group multimodal signal that was displayed to initiate duet and chorus songs. The third part of the project focused more on the contexts of the emission of collective vocal displays and the mechanisms of song coordination between duetters. To do so, I used passive acoustic monitoring and playback experiments to monitor the daily vocal activity of different groups according to several social contexts. I found that most of the collective vocal displays given by the 11 groups monitored were emitted in the context of a between-group vocal interaction and that all the 10 groups tested with playback stimulations reacted which suggested a function in joint territorial defense. Finally, the investigation of the mechanisms of song coordination in duetting barbets revealed no clear evidence of interactive timing adjustments in a way that the duetters could accelerate or slow down their rhythm of singing according to their partner’s rhythmic variations. The birds simply reacted when the partner started and stopped singing. Overall, these results highlighted that in this group living bird species, group members actively communicate using cohesion calls and chewp notes to initiate a collective vocal display.This work was supported by the following sources:
- the Polish National Science Centre (Narodowe Centrum Nauki): NCN, PRELUDIUM No: UMO 2017/27/N/NZ8/0155
- "Initiative of Excellence - Research University"- Uczelnia Badawcza' No: 021 date 2021-12-01 13 - Support for internationalization of scientific research at the Doctoral School of the Adam Mickiewicz University: 021/13/UAM/001
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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