1,721,083 research outputs found
Drug-resistance mechanisms and tuberculosis drugs.
Full text linkBedaquiline and delamanid, novel classes of anti-tuberculosis drugs, have been recently
approved for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. Antimicrobial resistance
invariably follows the introduction of new drugs, and appropriate drug-susceptibility testing
assays are needed to detect resistance and tailor treatment regimens that contain new
agents. Given that phenotypic drug-susceptibility testing is slow, technically demanding,
and, in some cases, unreliable, future assays are likely to be based on rapid molecular
techniques. To design such assays, research to unravel the genetic basis of resistance is
urgently required (appendix). The question is how to ensure that this research occurs in a
timely way, before the emergence and spread of resistance.The Health Innovation Challenge Fund (HICF-T5-342 and WT098600), a parallel funding partnership between the UK Department of Health and Wellcome Trust.http://www.thelancet.com/hb2016Medical Microbiolog
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Whole-genome sequencing for prediction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug susceptibility and resistance : a retrospective cohort study
Full text linkBACKGROUND : Diagnosing drug-resistance remains an obstacle to the elimination of tuberculosis. Phenotypic drugsusceptibility
testing is slow and expensive, and commercial genotypic assays screen only common resistancedetermining
mutations. We used whole-genome sequencing to characterise common and rare mutations predicting
drug resistance, or consistency with susceptibility, for all fi rst-line and second-line drugs for tuberculosis.
METHODS : Between Sept 1, 2010, and Dec 1, 2013, we sequenced a training set of 2099 Mycobacterium tuberculosis
genomes. For 23 candidate genes identifi ed from the drug-resistance scientifi c literature, we algorithmically
characterised genetic mutations as not conferring resistance (benign), resistance determinants, or uncharacterised.
We then assessed the ability of these characterisations to predict phenotypic drug-susceptibility testing for an
independent validation set of 1552 genomes. We sought mutations under similar selection pressure to those
characterised as resistance determinants outside candidate genes to account for residual phenotypic resistance.
FINDINGS : We characterised 120 training-set mutations as resistance determining, and 772 as benign. With these
mutations, we could predict 89·2% of the validation-set phenotypes with a mean 92·3% sensitivity (95% CI
90·7–93·7) and 98·4% specifi city (98·1–98·7). 10·8% of validation-set phenotypes could not be predicted because
uncharacterised mutations were present. With an in-silico comparison, characterised resistance determinants had
higher sensitivity than the mutations from three line-probe assays (85·1% vs 81·6%). No additional resistance
determinants were identifi ed among mutations under selection pressure in non-candidate genes.
INTERPRETATION : A broad catalogue of genetic mutations enable data from whole-genome sequencing to be used
clinically to predict drug resistance, drug susceptibility, or to identify drug phenotypes that cannot yet be genetically
predicted. This approach could be integrated into routine diagnostic workfl ows, phasing out phenotypic drugsusceptibility
testing while reporting drug resistance early.Wellcome Trust, National Institute of Health Research, Medical Research Council, and the European Union.http://www.thelancet.com/infectionhb201
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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