47 research outputs found
Sustainable development and renewable energy: European Union Swot analysis
No full textEkonomiler gelişme, büyüme ve kalkınma gibi hedefler belirlemekte ve bu hedefler doğrultusunda yol haritaları izlemektedirler, ancak bunu sağlamak için atılan adımlar olumsuz sonuçlar doğurabilmektedir. İkinci Dünya Savaşı'ndan sonra kaynakların sınırlı oluşunu gözetmeksizin kalkınmaya odaklanılmış ve meydana gelen sonuçların insanlığın yaşamını tehdit edecek boyutlara ulaşmış olması bu duruma örnek olarak gösterilebilir. Kalkınmanın tek başına yeterli olmayacağının farkına varılması ile birlikte yenilikçi ve çevreye duyarlı çözümlere yönelme süreci başlamış ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve yenilenebilir enerji gibi yeni kavramlar doğmuştur. Dünyanın en önemli pazarlarından biri olan Avrupa Birliği'nde klasik enerji kaynakları kullanılmakta ve enerji ihtiyacının büyük bölümü ithalatla karşılanmaktadır. Bu durum döviz kaybı ve dışa bağımlılık gibi olumsuz sonuçlar doğurmaktadır. Bu nedenle Avrupa Birliği son yıllarda yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarına yönelmek amaçlı hedefler belirlemiştir. Yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları arz-talep dengesini sağlayarak üye ülkeleri dışa bağımlılıktan kurtarmakla birlikte, küresel ısınma gibi çevre sorunlarıyla başa çıkmakta da önemli rol üstlenerek sürdürülebilir kalkınma yolunda atılması gereken temel adımlardan biridir. Bu çalışmada Avrupa Birliği'nde yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının durumu incelenerek sürdürülebilir kalkınmaya sağladıkları katkı araştırılmıştır.Üç bölümden oluşan çalışmanın ilk bölümünde sürdürülebilir kalkınmanın kavramsal çerçevesi oluşturulmuş, tarihsel gelişimi ve bu alanda geliştirilmiş olan göstergeler incelenmiştir.İkinci bölümde yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının genel tanımı yapılmış, küresel çapta mevcut kapasiteleri ve gelişimleri incelenmiştir. Bunun yanı sıra, yenilenebilir enerjinin sürdürülebilir kalkınma ile ilişkisi analiz edilmiştir.Çalışmanın üçüncü bölümünde Avrupa Birliği yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları açısından değerlendirilmiş ve son olarak ta yenilenebilir enerji alanındaki mevcut durum ve potansiyel ile ilgili SWOT analiz yapılmıştır.Economies set goals such as improvement, growth and development and follow road maps in line with these goals, but the steps taken to achieve this can have negative consequences. After the World War II, focusing on development without regard to the limited nature of resources, and the consequences that have taken place, have reached such dimensions as to threaten the life of mankind. With the realization that development alone will not be enough, the process of turning to innovative and environmentally sensitive solutions has begun, and new concepts such as sustainable development and renewable energy are born. The European Union, one of the most important markets in the world, uses classical energy sources and most of its energy needs are met by imports. This situation has negative consequences such as foreign exchange loss and foreign dependency. For this reason, the European Union has set targets for renewable energy sources in recent years. Renewable energy sources are one of the fundamental steps that must be taken towards sustainable development by providing a supply-demand balance and saving member countries from external dependency and playing an important role in coping with environmental problems such as global warming. This study examines the status of renewable energy sources in the European Union and explores the contribution they make to sustainable development.In the first part of the three-part study, the conceptual framework of sustainable development was established, historical development and the indicators developed in this area were examined. In the second part, general definitions of renewable energy sources have been made and the capacities and developments in the global scale have been examined. In addition, the relationship between renewable energy and sustainable development has been analyzed.In the third part of the study, the European Union was assessed in terms of renewable energy resources and finally SWOT analysis of the current situation and potential in renewable energy has been made
Invandrarens väg till entreprenörskap: Upplevelser av det flexibla arbetslivet - en intervjustudie om manliga invandrares möte med den svenska arbetsmarknaden
Get PDFUppsatsen studerar hur män från Mellanöstern som är första generationens invandrare möter den svenska arbetsmarknaden och på vilket sätt den nya kapitalismen och entreprenörskap påverkar invandrarens förankring på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Syftet är att undersöka hur invandraren möter de krav som det flexibla arbetslivet i Sverige ställer. Vi ville också fånga invandrarens subjektiva upplevelse av arbetslivet och vilka perspektiv och åsikter dessa personer hade, men framförallt se vilka strategier de valde för att lösa arbetsmarknadens utmaningar. Men en kvalitativ metod och en intervjustudie med djupintervjuer av fem män från Mellanöstern som är första generationens invandrare, visade resultatet att högre utbildning gav möjlighet till flexibilitet i arbetslivet, och det skapade för invandraren en bra förankring på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Författarna anlägger ett hermeneutiskt perspektiv, med inslag av grounded theory. Studien visar att en låg utbildning hos invandraren gör det svårare att vara flexibel i arbetslivet med att byta och behålla en anställning, med följden att det fanns en stor risk att hamna i en prekär och osäker situation i arbetslivet. Strukturella hinder som diskriminering och rasism kan också utgöra ett hinder för invandrarna att få en bra förankring på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Invandrarens unika bakgrund tvingar på sätt och vis individen att bli entreprenör för att få en god förankring på den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Andra vägar in på arbetsmarknaden är begränsade för invandraren. Främst för de som är lågutbildade, men även i viss utsträckning för de högutbildade. Entreprenörskapet är en möjlighet för invandraren att kunna skapa arbete och vara flexibel i arbetslivet. Begränsningar i arbetslivet är för många av informanterna en orsak till att bli egenföretagare, likväl som behovet av att kunna styra över sin arbetssituation. Detta analyseras utifrån Richard Sennetts teorier om den nya kapitalismens arbetsvillkor och begreppet prekaritet. Studien söker belysa strategier som invandraren tagit för att lösa arbetsmarknadens utmaningar och deras subjektiva upplevelse av den flexibla svenska arbetsmarknaden
In-vitro Modell zur Untersuchung der heterozellulären gap-junctionalen Kopplung zwischen F98 Glioma Zellen und Astrozyten-Mikroglia Ko-Kulturen
No full textWir entwickelten ein neues in vitro Modell zur Evaluation der heterozellulären gap-junctionalen Kopplung zwischen F98-Glioma Zellen und Astrozyten-Mikroglia Ko-Kulturen. Die doppelt gefärbten F98-Ratten-Glioma Zellen wurden mit konfluenten, ungefärbten Astrozyten-Mikroglia Ko-Kulturen inkubiert. Die Connexin 43 Expression und die mikroglialen Phänotypen wurden mittels immunzytochemischer Methoden analysiert. Neben der heterozelluläre Kopplung via Gap junctions zwischen Astrozyten und Glioma Zellen wurde zum ersten Mal in unserer Studie eine direkte gap-junctionale Kopplung zwischen Mikroglia und Glioma Zellen demonstriert. Dexamethason und Levetiracetam alleine oder in Kombination reduzierten signifikant die Anzahl der heterozellulär gekoppelten Astrotyzten/Mikroglia und F98 Glioma Zellen. Expression von mikroglialem Marker Iba-1 wurde in den F98 Glioma Zellen nach Inkubation mit den Astrozyten-Mikroglia Ko-Kulturen nachgewiesen, was in den F98-Monokulturen nicht der Fall war
Experimental investigations of antiepileptic drugs in astrocytes‐microglia co‐cultures suggest possible protective effects on astrocytes during early epileptogenesis
No full textThe potential role of astroglial GABAA receptors in autoimmune encephalitis associated with GABAA receptor antibodies and seizures
No full textAbstract The γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory transmitter in the central nervous system and GABA receptors mediate the inhibitory synaptic transmission. GABA binding to neuronal GABAAR leads to a rapid hyperpolarization and a higher excitation threshold due to an increase in membrane Cl− permeability. The synaptic GABAAR is mostly composed of two α(1–3), two β, and one γ subunit with the most abundant configuration α1β2γ2. Recently, antibodies (Abs) against α1, β3, and γ2 subunits of GABAAR were detected in a severe form of autoimmune encephalitis with refractory seizures, status epilepticus, and multifocal brain lesions, affecting gray and white matter. Experimental studies confirmed multiple mechanisms and direct functional effects of GABAAR Abs on neurons with decreased GABAergic synaptic transmission and increased neuronal excitability. The expression of GABAAR on astrocytes is well established. However, extensive studies about the effects of autoimmune GABAAR Abs on astrocytic GABAAR are missing. We hypothesize that GABAAR Abs may lead additionally to blocking astrocytic GABAARs with impaired Ca2+ homeostasis/spreading, astrocytic Cl− imbalance, dysfunction of astrocyte‐mediated gliotransmission (e.g., decreased adenosine levels) and accumulation of excitatory neurotransmission, all this contributing to seizures, variable clinical/MRI presentations, and severity. The most abundant expressed GABAAR subunits in rodent astrocytes are α1, α2, β1, β3, and γ1 localized in both white and gray matter. Data about GABAAR subunits in human astrocytes are even more limited, comprising α2, β1, and γ1. Overlapping binding of GABAAR Abs to neuronal and astroglial receptors is still possible. In vitro and in vivo animal models can be helpful to test the effects of GABAAR Abs on glia. This is from an epileptological point of view relevant because of the increasing evidence, confirming the glial involvement in the pathogenesis of epilepsy. Taken together, autoimmune disorders are complex and multiple mechanisms including glia could contribute to the pathogenesis of GABAAR encephalitis with seizures
A broad spectrum of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome - a case series with clinical and paraclinical characterisation, and histopathological findings
No full textAbstract Background Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is clinical-neuroradiologically defined and potentially reversible, so there are limited data about histopathological findings. We aimed to describe the clinical and paraclinical features of patients with PRES with regard to its reversibility. Methods This retrospective case series encompasses 15 PRES cases out of 1300 evaluated patients from a single German center between January 1, 2010, and June 15, 2020. PRES was established according to the diagnostic criteria as proposed by the Berlin PRES Study 2012. One of the cases studied was subject to brain autopsy. Results From the 15 patients studied (median age 53 years, range 17–73; 11 female), 67 % presented with epileptic seizures, 40 % suffered from encephalopathy with reduced consciousness and 53 % developed delirium, while 47 % had headache and visual disturbances. Subcortical brain MRI abnormalities related to PRES were observed in all patients. One patient developed spinal ischemia and another Guillain-Barré syndrome in addition to PRES. Hypertensive blood pressure was the main underlying/trigger condition in all patients. Clinical symptoms and MRI changes were not reversible in 42 %, even progressive in 3 out of these 5 patients. Median time from symptom onset to diagnosis in these non-reversible cases was 7 days (range 0–13), while the median delay in diagnosis in the reversible group was 1 day (range 0–3). Cerebellar/brain stem involvement and status epilepticus were more frequently in patients with non-reversible disease course. Mortality due to PRES occurred in 13 % of these patients. Neuropathological examination of the brain of a 57-year-old female patient revealed major leukencephalopathic changes, fibrinoid necrosis of endothelial cells and fresh petechial hemorrhages in accordance with PRES. Conclusions Our case series demonstrates that PRES was not reversible in 42 % of the studied patients. Delay in diagnosis seems to contribute to limited reversibility and poor outcome
Novel trans-2,3-enoyl-CoA reductase–like variant associated with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia type 3
Get PDFDiagnostic challenges in patients with temporal lobe seizures and features of autoimmune limbic encephalitis
No full textIsmail FS, Spatola M, Wörmann FG, et al. Diagnostic challenges in patients with temporal lobe seizures and features of autoimmune limbic encephalitis. European journal of neurology. Accepted.BACKGROUND: Consensus criteria for autoimmune limbic encephalitis (ALE) allow for a diagnosis even without neural antibodies (Abs), but it remains unclear which clinical features should prompt neural Ab screening in temporal lobe epilepsy patients.; METHODS: We identified 47 patients from a tertiary epilepsy center with mediotemporal lobe seizures and additional features suggestive of limbic involvement, including either memory deficits, psychiatric symptoms, mediotemporal MRI hyperintensities or inflammatory CSF. Neuronal Ab testing was carried out at two independent reference laboratories (Bielefeld-Bethel, Germany, and Barcelona, Spain). All brain MRIs were assessed by two reviewers independently.; RESULTS: Temporal lobe seizures were accompanied by memory deficits in 35/46 (76%), by psychiatric symptoms in 27/42 (64%), and by both in 19/42 (45%). Limbic T2/FLAIR signal hyperintensities were found in 26/46 (57%) patients (unilateral n = 22, bilateral n = 4). Standard CSF studies were abnormal in 2/37 (5%). Neuronal Abs were confirmed in serum and/or CSF in 8/47 (17%) cases and were directed against neuronal cell-surface targets (LGI1 n = 1, CASPR2 n = 1, undetermined target n = 3) or GAD65 (n = 3, all with high titers). Compared to Ab-negative patients, those who harbored neuronal Abs were more likely to have uni- or bilateral mediotemporal MRI changes (8/8, 100% versus 18/38, 47%, p=0.01, Fisher exact test).; CONCLUSIONS: In patients with temporal lobe seizures and additional limbic signs, 17% had neuronal Abs affirming ALE diagnosis. Mediotemporal MRI changes were found in all Ab-positive cases and had a positive likelihood ratio of 2.11 (95% CI 1.51 - 2.95). This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Faciobrachio-crural dystonic seizures in LGI1 limbic encephalitis: A treatable cause of falls
No full textLatent autoimmune diabetes and limbic encephalitis with antibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase
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