1,720,959 research outputs found
Prebiotic activity of tart cherry compared to fructooligosaccharides on the gut-bone axis
Get PDFObjectives: Prebiotics are known to have beneficial effects on bone, but their mechanisms of action remain uncertain. Recently, probiotics were reported to modulate the gut-bone axis via the short chain fatty acid (SCFA), butyrate’s effects on regulatory T (Treg) cells. This study investigated how two different prebiotics (i.e. tart cherry [TC] and fructooligosaccharide [FOS]) affect bone cells and whether the response is mediated by Treg cells within the gut-bone axis.Methods: Eight-week-old C57BL/6 female mice (n=96) were assigned to treatments in 2x3 factorial design with diet (0, 10% TC or 10% FOS) and CD-25 (+CD25 antibody or –CD25 control) as factors. After 8 weeks of treatment, bone structural parameters, biochemical markers, Treg cells in the ileum and bone marrow, fecal SCFAs, and key regulators of bone cell differentiation and activity were assessed. Normally distributed data were analyzed using a 2-way ANOVA; otherwise, Friedman's test was run. For post-hoc analysis Fischer's least square means was used and alpha was 0.05.Results: As anticipated, the relative abundance of Treg cells in the ileum and bone marrow was suppressed in the groups receiving the CD25 antibody. FOS treatment increased bone mineral content (P <0.01) and density (P <0.05), trabecular bone volume in the vertebra and proximal tibia (P <0.01), and length of the tibia (P <0.01) compared to the control and TC groups. No effect of FOS or TC treatments was observed on the cortical bone. A similar skeletal response was observed in the FOS groups, irrespective of CD25. After 8 wks of treatment, TC increased serum c-terminal end of the telopeptide of type I collagen 1 (CTX-1) compared to control and there was no effect of either prebiotic on procollagen-1 N-terminal peptide (P1NP). FOS increased fecal SCFA (P <0.01) to a greater extent than TC. The relative abundance of mRNA for regulators of osteoblast differentiation (i.e., bone morphogenetic protein 2 [Bmp2] and Osterix), and osteoblast activity (i.e., type 1 collagen [Col1α1]) in the hard tissue of bone were increased with the FOS diet. Likewise, osteocytes were activated as indicated by increased phosphate regulating endopeptidase x-linked (Phex), dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (Dmp-1), matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (Mepe) and sclerostin (SOST) gene expression in response to the FOS, but not the TC diets. No changes were noted in osteoclastic genes with either prebiotic. In the ileum, the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-17 (Il17) and T cell trafficking molecules (i.e., C-C motif chemokine receptor 7 [CCR7], C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 [CXCR4], C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 10 [CXCL10], C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 12 [CXCL12], vascular cell adhesion protein 1 [Vcam1]) decreased in the presence of FOS. All findings support that FOS promotes bone formation.Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate FOS, but not TC supplementation exerted beneficial effects on bone. This response did not require Treg cells to be present, suggesting that the mechanism through which the prebiotic such as FOS affects bone differs from that of probiotics
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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