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Veränderung einer Kulturlandschaft infolge anthropogener Einflüsse auf Oberflächengewässer und Bedrohung von Mangrovenökosystemen am Beispiel der Sundarbans, Bangladesch
Get PDFCultural landscapes are areas of exceptional beauty, containing superlative natural phenomena and are of ecological importance. At present cultural landscapes and wetlands are the most spectacular global issues for economic growth and balancing of ecosystems. The Sundarbans has an outstanding universal value where the cultural landscape was shared by the indigenous pastoral society over thousand years ago and it is still visible. The site is representing significant ongoing ecological and biological processes in the evolution and development of mangrove ecosystems and communities of plants and animals. It is situated in the Ganges transboundary catchment which is known as the single largest stretch of productive mangrove ecosystems in the world. It covers 10,000 km² between Bangladesh and India. The Sundarbans portion of Bangladesh is about 62 % and covers an area of 6017 km². It was declared as world natural heritage site by the UNESCO in 1997 and as a Ramsar site in 1992 already. There is an agglomeration of biodiversity with 66 different species of mangroves growing there. For comparison: 70 species of mangroves are found in the world. A large part of mangrove wetlands in Bangladesh, almost 45 %, have disappeared within the last three decades. The Gorai River is the main tributary of the Ganges which supplies downstream freshwater to the Sundarbans and ensures the ecosystems balance in the coastal region. Since the diversion of the Ganges water at Farakka Barrage in India from early 1975, the salinity level has increased drastically in the south western part of the region. Due to the reduction of the Ganges flows the industries are facing serious problems. Inequality control of the products and fragile affects are demonstrating on agriculture, fisheries, navigation, and hydromorphology, quality of drinking water and mangrove wetlands ecosystems. As a result, about 170,000 hectares (20.4%) of new land has been affected by various degrees of salinity during the last three decades. 38 % of the country’s territory and 33 % of its population is already affected by salinity intrusions. The saline front defined by the 0.5 dS/m isohaline has penetrated in the Nabaganga River as far north as Magura is far from the coast (240 km). Similarly about 6 dS/m has penetrated 173 km from the Sea in the Atharobanka River to the vicinity of the off-take from the Madhumati River. The research findings are showing 10805-21610 dS/m salinity is the best productive range in Sundarbans, where only 20 % of the area is within 32415 dS/m range of salinity and 80 % of the area (4813.60 km²) has a salinity rate over 32414 dS/m. The dominant species Heritiera fomes and Ceriops decendra are affected by top-dying disease which is recognised as key management concern. Procedures of water salinity modelling of 13 rivers in the Sundarbans region lay out increasing salinity trends. Fourier Polynomial Models have been done on 13 rivers where the time series approach (4 years) has been considered. The results show that only one river has crossed the salinity threshold line of 20 ppt or 43,220 dS/m which was the maximum value in 2000. Whereas 6 rivers have crossed in 2001, 8 rivers have crossed in 2002 and important 11 rivers have crossed the water salinity threshold line in 2003. According to average peak values of river water salinity there are 4 rivers (basin 1, 2, 3 and 4) that are in good condition, two rivers (basin 7 and 9) carry the moderate situation and 7 rivers (basin 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12 and 13) carry the high salinity rate in the dry season, which are major threats for mangrove ecosystems in the Sundarbans. The high salinity zone is located in the south-western corner of the Sundarbans; the previous values were 38,898-54,025 dS/m while the present values are 54,025 – 69,152 dS/m. Furthermore the area has been extended from South to North and East to West direction. The Fourier Polynomial models show the cyclic increasing behaviour of water salinity in the Sundarbans Rivers. Considering the results of all models and threshold values of water salinity for the Sundarbans case, it is clearly indicated and forecasted the message that upstream fresh water supply is necessary and emergent for the protection of cultural landscapes and mangrove wetlands ecosystems in the Sundarbans region. As priority is given by surface water salinity modelling, statements are formulated to support planning activities and to protect a special natural heritage site. The findings of this study would be a potential contribution to make a comprehensive management plan for the long-term conservation and protection of the cultural landscape and mangrove wetlands ecosystem in the Sundarbans region.Kulturlandschaften sind oft Gebiete von außergewöhnlicher Schönheit, die sowohl natürliche Phänomene repräsentieren, als auch von ökologischer Bedeutung sind. Kulturlandschaften und insbesondere Feuchtgebiete zählen zu den wichtigsten globalen Kernpunkten für Wirtschaftswachstum und für das Gleichgewicht von Ökosystemen. Das Ökosystem der Sundarbans hat einen überragenden universellen Wert. Bereits vor über tausend Jahren wurde diese Kulturlandschaft von der einheimischen Landbevölkerung genutzt. Dies ist auch heute noch sichtbar. Am Ökosystem der Sundarbans lassen sich die biologischen Prozesse und die ökologische Entwicklung der Mangrovenökosystem und der Lebensräume von Pflanzen und Tieren erkennen. Die Sundarbans liegen im Einzugsgebiet des die nationalen Grenzen überschreitenden Ganges. Sie sind weltweit bekannt als größtes und ergiebiges Mangrovenökosystem. Das Mangrovenökosystem umfasst eine Fläche von 10.000 km² zwischen Bangladesch und Indien. Der Anteil von Bangladesh an den Sundarbans beträgt 62% und umfasst ein Gebiet von 6017 km². Im Jahr 1997 wurde es von der UNESCO zum Weltnaturerbe erklärt und gemäß der Ramsar-Konvention als Ramsar-Feuchtgebiet im Jahr 1992. Das Gebiet schließt eine Artenvielfalt mit 66 Mangrovenarten ein. Zum Vergleich: Es gibt bislang 70 bekannte Mangrovenarten auf der Erde. Ein sehr großer Teil, fast 45 % der Mangrovenfeuchtgebiete von Bangladesch, sind in den letzten drei Dekaden verschwunden. Der Gorai-Fluß ist der Hauptarm des Ganges, der die Sundarbans stromabwärts mit Frischwasser versorgt und das Gleichgewicht des Ökosystems in der Küstenregion gewährleistet. Seit Anfang des Jahres 1975 wird der Ganges im Farakka Stauwehr (Indien) umgeleitet. Seitdem ist der Salzgehalt im westlichen Teil der Region drastisch gestiegen. Durch die Verringerung des Flussbetts des Ganges steht die Industrie vor ernsthaften Problemen bezüglich der Qualitätskontrolle der Produkte. Auswirkungen sind auch für die Landwirtschaft, die Fischerei, den Schiffsverkehr, die Hydromorphologie, die Qualität des Trinkwassers und die Ökosysteme der Feuchtgebiete der Mangrovenwälder zu verzeichnen. Durch die Versalzung sind bereits ca. 170,000 Hektar (20.4%) Neuland während der letzten drei Dekaden betroffen. Das entspricht 38 % des Hoheitsgebiets von Bangladesch. Die Versalzung hat sich bereits auf 33% der Bevölkerung ausgewirkt. Die Salzfront, die durch die 0.5 dS/m Isohaline definiert wird, ist bereits in den Nabaganga Fluss bis zur Stadt Magura, die 240 km von der Küste entfernt ist, eingedrungen. Im Atharobanka Fluss, der 173 Kilometer vom Meer entfernt ist, wird nahe des Abzweiges des Madhumati Rivers ein Salzgehalt von ca. 6 dS/m gemessen. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse zeigen, dass das Ökosystem der Sunderbans einen mittleren Salzgehalt von 10805-21610 dS/m aufweist, wobei 20 % des Gebietes einen Salzgehalt von 32415 dS/m und 80 % des Gebiets (4814 km²) einen Salzgehalt über 32414 dS/m aufweisen. Die dominierenden Arten Heritiera fomes und Ceriops decendra sind davon intensiv betroffen. Dies gilt als auffälligstes Ereignis in den Sundarbans. Die Modelle für den Salzgehalt von 13 Flüssen in der Region der Sundarbans zeigen steigende Tendenzen des Salzgehaltes. Die Ergebnisse der Fourier-Modelle zeigen, dass nur ein Fluss den Grenzbereich des Salzwassergehaltes (20 ppt oder 43,220 dS/m) im Jahr 2000 übersteigt. Dagegen überschreiten bereits im Jahr 2001 6 Fließgewässer, im Jahr 2002 8 Fließgewässer und im Jahr 2003 11 Fließgewässer den Grenzwert des Salzgehalts. Entsprechend den mittleren Höchstwerten des Salzgehaltes sind 4 Fließgewässer (Bassin 1, 2, 3 und 4) in gutem Zustand, 2 Fließgewässer (Bassin 7 und 9) im mittleren und 7 Fließgewässer (Bassin 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12 und 13) im schlechten Zustand während der trockenen Jahreszeit. Dies ist eine der Hauptbedrohungen für die Ökosysteme der Mangrovenwälder in den Sundarbans. Die Zone mit dem hohen Salzgehalt liegt im südwestlichen Teil der Sundarbans. Lagen die Werte früher bei 38898-54025 dS/m, so sind es aktuell Werte von 54025 - 69152 dS/m, des Weiteren hat sich das Gebiet von Süden nach Norden und von Osten nach Westen vergrößert. Die Fourier-Modelle zeigen eine kreisförmige Zunahme des Salzgehaltes in den Flüssen der Sundarbans. Fasst man die Ergebnisse der Dissertation zusammen, so lässt sich folgendes feststellen: 1. Es ist eindeutig zu erkennen, dass die Süßwasserversorgung lebenswichtig für den Schutz der Kulturlandschaft und des Ökosystems der Sundarbans ist. 2. Zur Vorhersage der Entwicklung der Sunderbans hat die Modellierung der Wassergüte, insbesondere des Salzgehaltes, höchste Priorität. 3. Administrative Anweisungen zum Schutz dieses Weltkulturerbes sind auszuarbeiten. 4. Die Erkenntnisse dieser Forschungsarbeit tragen dazu bei, einen langfristigen Managementplan für die Erhaltung und den Schutz der Kulturlandschaften und des Ökosystems der Sundarbans zu erstellen
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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