4 research outputs found
Praktik sistem Mampaduoi dalam perjanjian bagi hasil sawah di Nagari Gunung Medan, Sumatera Barat
Get PDFINDONESIA :
Kerja sama dalam bagi hasil lahan pertanian sawah di Nagari Gunung Medan dikenal dengan istilah sistem Mampaduoi. Karena dalam pelaksanaannya terdapat kerja sama antara dua pihak, yaitu penggarap dan pemilik lahan berdasarkan kesepakatan antara dua belah pihak. Walaupun disebut Mampaduoi, akan tetapi nisbah bagi hasilnya tidak mesti dibagi dua sama banyak. Pelaksanaannya masyarakat hanya membuat perjanjian secara lisan saja, tanpa adanya perjanjian secara tertulis maupun menghadirkan 2 orang saksi masing-masing dari para pihak.
Mengacu pada permasalahan diatas, ada beberapa masalah yang memerlukan pembahasan yang mendalam. Pertama, Bagaimana praktik sistem Mampaduoi dalam perjanjian bagi hasil sawah di Nagari Gunung Medan, Sumatera Barat? Kedua, Bagaimana praktik sistem Mampaduoi di Nagari Gunung Medan, Sumatera Barat ditinjau menurut kajian Hukum Islam dan Undang-undang Nomor 2 Tahun 1960?
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami dan menganalisis praktik sistem Mampaduoi dalam perjanjian bagi hasil sawah yang ada di Nagari Gunung Medan, Sumatera Barat. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis empiris (sosiology of law) dengan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Data yang dihimpun dalam penelitian ini adalah melalui observasi ke lapangan dan wawancara langsung dengan beberapa narasumber (Tokoh Agama Islam dan Tokoh Adat), serta Undang-undang Nomor 2 Tahun 1960.
Hasil analisis data menyimpulkan bahwa praktik sistem Mampaduoi dalam perjanjian bagi hasil sawah di Nagari Gunung Medan, Sumatera Barat adalah kerja sama bagi hasil dengan prinsip kekeluargaan (badunsanak) dan saling tolong-menolong, yang mana nisbah bagi hasilnya ada yang bagi 4 (1:3) untuk sesama keluarga dekat dan bagi 3 (1:2) untuk non keluarga. Tokoh Agama Islam dan tokoh Adat di Nagari Gunung Medan memandang bahwa praktik sistem Mampaduoi tersebut sudah sesuai dengan ketentuan syariat Islam jika dilihat dari rukun dan syarat-syarat yang ditetapkan oleh Jumhur Ulama dalam akad mukhabarah. Akan tetapi, jika ditinjau dari Undang-undang Nomor 2 Tahun 1960 tentang Perjanjian Bagi Hasil, maka belum semuanya sesuai dengan dengan apa yang ditetapkan oleh Undang-undang Perjanjian Bagi Hasil yang berlaku di Indonesia ini, karena masyarakat tidak membuat perjanjian secara tertulis dalam sistem Mampaduoi tersebut dan terkadang jangka waktu pengolahan sawahnya pun juga kurang dari tiga tahun.
ENGLISH :
Cooperation in the sharing of paddy farming in Gunung Medan village is known as the Mampaduoi system. Because in the implementation there is cooperation between the two parties, the tenants and landowners based on an agreement between the two sides. Although called Mampaduoi, but the profit sharing ratio is not necessarily divided into two equal. Implementation of the community only make agreements verbally, without any agreement in writing or present two witnesses each of the parties.
Referring to the above problem, there are some problems that require a deep discussion. First, how does Mampaduoi system practice in the production sharing agreement in Gunung Medan village, West Sumatera? Secondly, how is the practice of Mampaduoi system in Gunung Medan village, West Sumatra reviewed according to study of Islamic Law and Act Number 2 of 1960?
This study aims to understand and analyze Mampaduoi system practices in the existing rice sharing agreement in Gunung Medan village, West Sumatra. The type of research used in this study is empirical juridical research (sociology of law) with a qualitative descriptive approach. The data collected in this research is through field observation and direct interviews with some speakers (religious figures of Islam and traditional leaders), and Act Number 2 of 1960.
The result of data analysis concludes that Mampaduoi system practice in production sharing agreement in Gunung Medan village, West Sumatera is the sharing of cooperation with the principle of kinship (badunsanak) and mutual help, which is the ratio of profit sharing to 4 (1: 3 ) for close family members and for 3 (1: 2) families. Religious figures of Islam and Traditional leaders in Gunung Medan village view that the practice of Mampaduoi system is in accordance with the provisions of Islamic Shari'a when viewed from the pillars and the conditions set by Jumhur Ulama in the mukhabarah contract. However, if it is reviewed from Act Number 2 of 1960 concerning Production Sharing Contract, then not all of them are in accordance with what is stipulated by the Act of Production Sharing Contract applicable in Indonesia, because the community does not enter into a written agreement in the Mampaduoi system and sometimes the processing period of the rice field is also less than three years
KAJIAN TENTANG KEDUDUKAN AGUNAN DALAM AKAD PEMBIAYAAN MUDHARABAH PADA BANK SYARIAH
No full textAbstractThe purpose of this research is to examine the position of collateral in the mudharabah financing contract in Islamic banking. The type of research used is normative research with a statute approach and a conceptual approach. The sources of legal material in this study are from primary legal material and secondary legal material. The results of the analysis of this study are that the collateral position in the mudharabah contract in Islamic banking is different from the position of collateral in conventional banking, collateral in conventional banking functions as guarantor of the debts that occur between creditors and debtors. While the function of collateral in the mudharabah agreement on Islamic banking is to ensure the implementation of the mudharabah agreement in accordance with the agreement made in the beginning of the agreement between capital owners and business manager. So, the purpose of collateral in mudharabah contract is to avoid bad moral of business manager and not to return the investment value if there is a loss due to business risk factors.Keywords: Position; Collateral; Mudharabah; Islamic BankAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kedudukan agunan dalam akad pembiayaan mudharabah pada perbankan syariah. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan pendekatan konseptual. Sumber bahan hukum dalam penelitian ini adalah dari bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. Hasil analisis dari penelitian ini adalah kedudukan agunan pada akad mudharabah di perbankan syariah berbeda dengan kedudukan agunan pada perbankan konvensional, agunan pada perbankan konvensional berfungsi sebagai penjamin atas utang-piutang yang terjadi antara kreditur dengan debitur. Sedangkan fungsi agunan dalam akad mudharabah pada perbankan syariah adalah untuk menjamin terlaksananya akad mudharabah sesuai dengan kesepakatan yang telah dibuat diawal perjanjian antara shahib al-maal dengan mudharib. Jadi, tujuan agunan dalam akad mudharabah adalah untuk menghindari moral jelek mudharib dan bukan untuk mengembalikan nilai investasi jika terjadi kerugian karena faktor risiko bisnis.Kata kunci: Kedudukan; Agunan; Mudharabah; Bank Syaria
Historique de la comptabilité nationale
No full text[fre] Les premières réflexions sur les concepts globaux de production et de revenu sont celles de Vauban et Boisguilbert en France, de Petty et King en Angleterre. Mais c'est avec François Quesnay et l'école physiocratique qu'apparaît une véritable vision macroéconomique qui dégage la notion de produit net et qui dresse un tableau économique. A la veille de la Révolution se multiplient les évaluations du revenu national, ce qui traduit à la fois les progrès théoriques et l'intensité des querelles de répartition. Sous l'Empire qui met en place un réseau statistique, Jean-Baptiste Say est sceptique à l'égard des calculs du revenu national, mais sa théorie des débouchés peut être considérée comme l'ancêtre du tableau de Léontief. La Monarchie de Juillet est marquée par d'excellents travaux statistiques. Le problème des crises cycliques préoccupe les chercheurs libéraux, avec celui de la répartition du revenu. A la fin du siècle, les recherches sur la prévision prennent corps et peu avant la première guerre mondiale apparaît aux États-Unis le commerce des prévisions économiques. La guerre oblige l'État à intervenir beaucoup plus intensément dans la vie économique. Aux États- Unis (Harvard Committee) en Allemagne, en Belgique sont entreprises d'importantes recherches conjoncturelles. Mais la France reste à l'écart, de même qu'elle ne viendra que tardivement à la théorie de Keynes. Depuis la deuxième guerre le retard peut être considéré comme comblé. La France se dote organiquement d'une comptabilité nationale dont l'auteur rappelle les articulations successives. [spa] Historial de la contabilidad nacional por Alfred SAUVY . Las primeras reflexiones sobre los conceptos globales de producción y de renta son las de Vauban y de Boisguilbert en Francia, de Petty y de King en Ingleterra. Pero es con François Quesnay y la escuela fisiocrática que aparece una verdadera vision macroeconómica de la que se desprende la noción de producto neto y que elabora un cuadro económico. En vísperas de la Revolución se van multiplicando las evaluaciones de la Renta nacional, lo cual traduce, a la par, los progresos téóricos y la intensidad de las querellas de repartición. . Durante el Imperio, que asienta una red estadistica, Jean-Baptiste Say manifiesta escepticismo hacia los cálculos de la Renta nacional, pero su teoria de las salidas se puede considerar como el antepasado del cuadro de Leontief. La Monarquia de Julio se distingue por óptimos trabajos estadisticos. El problema de las crisis ciclicas preocupa a los investigadores liberales con la cuestión de la repartición de la renta. . A fines del siglo, las indagaciones sobre prevision toman cuerpo y poco antes de la primera guerra mundial, aparece en los Estados Unidos el comercio de la prevision económica. La guerra obliga al Estado a intervenir con mayor intensidad en la vida económica. En los Estados Unidos (Harvard Committee), en Alemania, en Bélgica se llevan a cabo importantes indagaciones coyunturales. Pero Francia se mantiene apartada, asi como vendra tarde a la teoria de Keynes. Pero desde la segunda guerra mundial se puede considerar que ha superado el retraso. Francia se dota orgánicamente de una contabilidad nacional cuyo autor recuerda sus sucesivas articulaciones. [eng] The history of national~accounts by Alfred SAUVY . The first reflections on the overall concepts of production and income were those of Vauban and Boisguilbert in France and Petty and King in England: . But it was with François Quesnay and the Physiocrats that a real macro-economic view appeared which brought out the concept of net product and constructed an economic table. On the eve of the Revolution estimates of the national income began to multiply, reflecting both the progress of theory and the intensity of the quarrels about distribution.' Under the Empire, which set up a statistical network, Jean-Baptiste Say was sceptical about calculations of the national income, but his theory of equivalent demand can be regarded as the ancestor of Leontief's input-output table. The July Monarchy was marked by excellent statistical work, i The problem of cyclical crises preoccupied the Liberal thinkers, together with that of the distribution of income. At the end of the century research on forecasting began to assume importance and shortly before the First World War the business of economic forecasting made its appearance in the United States. The War compelled the State to intervene much more intensively in economic life. Considerable cyclical research was undertaken in the United States (Harvard Committee), Germany and Belgium. But France remained on the sidelines, just as it was slow in coming round to Keynes's theories. Since the Second World War, the leeway can be regarded as made up. France is now organically equipped with a National Accounts systems, the successive articulations of which are recalled by the author.
Venetian cardinals at the Papal Court during the pontificates of Sixtus IV and Innocent VIII : 1471-1492
Get PDFThe histories of particular cities and states within that myriad-faceted
slice of civilisation, the Renaissance in Italy, have received
more scholarly attention than have the diplomatic, ecclesiastical and
cultural connections between them. This study is part of a balance-redressing
process. Senior clerics traversed frontiers, owing
allegiance to their native state, their benefices and, above all, to
the Papacy. The purpose of this exploration of the curial careers of
four later quattrocento Venetian cardinals is essentially twofold : to
account for relations between Venice and the Papacy with reference to
individuals who were at once Venetian patricians and princes of the
Church; and to examine the cardinals' responses to this situation in
terms of political, ecclesiastical and cultural patronage. Where did
their loyalty lie? To Venice, with its perennial suspicion of the
Church and peculiar notion of the characteristics of a Venetian
cardinal? Or to the Pope, expressing overt hostility towards the
Republic in the War of Ferrara and placing it under an interdict?
Chapter one sets Merco Barbo, Pietro Foscari, Giovanni Michiel and
Giovanni Battista Zeno in a Venetian context. Chapters two and three
chart relations between the two powers, from the exposure of Cardinal
Zeno's involvement in a scheme to transmit Venetian state secrets to
Rome in exchange for ecclesiastical preferment, through to Ermolao
Barbaro's controversial appointment to the patriarchate of Aquileia,
via the short-lived Papal-Venetian league negotiated by Cardinal
Foscari in 1480. The fourth chapter considers their proximity to the
Supreme Pontiff and how their material fortunes varied under popes
Sixtus and Innocent, after which an assessment of the nature, extent
and effectiveness of their patronage is divided between chapters five
and six, focussing pa.rticularly on Venetian connections. Despite
diverging careers, it is concluded that all were bound by variations
of the Venetian inheritance
