1,720,953 research outputs found
The double evaluation system of the anti-competitive agreements
No full textIl presente lavoro si prefigge come obiettivo quello di esaminare la problematica dei rapporti intercorrenti tra Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato e Autorità Giudiziaria Ordinaria, nell’esercizio delle loro competenze, in relazione al sindacato sulle intese restrittive della concorrenza.
In particolare, oggetto di studio è il doppio binario dei sistemi di valutazione e di apprezzamento delle intese, affidati – in sede amministrativa – all’Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato ed – in sede giurisdizionale – alla competenza esclusiva ed in unico grado della Corte d’Appello. La tesi analizza la scelta operata dal legislatore nazionale evidenziando gli aspetti problematici della soluzione adottata in sede legislativa ed indagando sui problemi applicativi che essa origina, soprattutto nella prospettiva del potenziale conflitto tra valutazioni amministrative e pronunciamenti giurisdizionali.
L’indagine involge anche la coerenza sistematica del predetto doppio binario di valutazioni e di tutela e la possibilità teorica di risolvere i potenziali conflitti ritraendo dalle norme vigenti un principio, non scritto ma ricavabile in via interpretativa, di pregiudizialità amministrativa.
Inoltre, in una prospettiva comparatistica delle soluzioni adottate nell’ordinamento italiano e nello spirito della progressiva uniformazione del diritto dei Paesi appartenenti all’Unione Europea, si è reso opportuno lo studio e l’analisi della disciplina data nella medesima materia in un altro Stato europeo, in particolare in quello spagnolo, vicino al nostro per tradizione giuridica e per omogeneità dei principi generali.
Da ultimo, occorre avvertire che il Governo ha attribuito nuove competenze all’Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato nell’ambito dello Statuto delle Imprese e del c.d. Decreto Salva Italia. In particolare, e per quel che interessa in questa sede, il Decreto Liberalizzazioni, convertito in Legge n. 27 del 24 Marzo 2012, amplia ulteriormente l’area di intervento dell’AGCM, oltre ad introdurre un sistema interamente nuovo di finanziamento di tale istituzione.
Preme fin da ora sottolineare che l’articolo 2 del citato Decreto, prevede la sostituzione di tutte le esistenti sezioni specializzate in materia di proprietà industriale ed intellettuale attualmente presenti presso alcuni Tribunali e Corti di Appello, con nuove sezioni specializzate in materia di impresa. Peraltro, tali nuove sezioni specializzate saranno istituite anche presso tutti i rimanenti Tribunali e Corti di Appello aventi sede nel capoluogo di ciascuna regione, ad eccezione della Valle d’Aosta, nonché presso il Tribunale e la Corte di Appello di Brescia. Le predette nuove sezioni, saranno competenti a conoscere delle controversie relative alla violazione della normativa antitrust italiana e dell’Unione Europea. Conseguentemente, l’articolo 2, comma secondo, del Decreto Crescitalia, modifica il testo dell’articolo 33 della legge n. 287/90 (legge antitrust), che attribuiva alle Corti di Appello territorialmente competenti le controversie tra privati inerenti la violazione della (sola) normativa italiana antitrust.
La nuova norma, inoltre, risolve finalmente la disparità di trattamento tra la disciplina comunitaria e quella nazionale poste a tutela della concorrenza. Ai sensi del citato articolo 33, della legge n. 287/90, infatti, le Corti di Appello erano competenti, quali giudici di primo - e unico grado - se si assumeva violata la disciplina nazionale a tutela della concorrenza, mentre le violazioni della disciplina antitrust comunitaria restavano nella normale competenza dei Tribunali, con possibilità di successivo appello. Proprio perché entrambe le normative sono di contenuto pressoché identico, tale disparità di trattamento, ora eliminata dalla legge n. 27 del 2012, risultava difficilmente giustificabile ed oltretutto fonte di evidente incertezza circa il foro competente.This paper aims to examine the issue of the relationship between Italian Competition Authority and the ordinary courts, relating the exercise of their powers referring to the judgement on anti-competitive agreements.
In particular, the object of this study is the two-track system of evaluation and appreciation of the agreements, committed – on the administrative side – to the Italian Competition Authority, and - in the courts - to the exclusive jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal. The paper analyzes the choice made by the Italian legislator, by highlighting the problematic aspects of the solution adopted by the legislator and by investigating the practical problems which it originates, especially in the view of the potential conflict between administrative assessments and judicial pronouncements.
The study involves also the systematic coherence of the predicted double-track assessments and the theoretical possibility to solve the potential conflicts, by deducting from the rules, a not written principle obtainable through the interpretation of the administrative prejudicial.
Furthermore, in a comparative perspective of the solutions adopted in Italy and in the spirit of the progressive unification of the law of the countries belonging to the European Union, it has become appropriate the study and the analysis of the rules given in the same subject in another European country: the Spain, a country that is very close to our legal tradition and homogeneity of the general principles.
Finally, it should be noted that the Italian Government has given new powers to the Italian Competition Authority in the section called “Statuto delle Imprese” and in the “Salva Italia” decree. In particular, the “Decreto Liberalizzazioni” decree, converted into Law 24 March 2012, no. 27, further expanding the area of intervention of the Italian Competition Authority, in addition to the introduction of a new system of financing of the institution.
It is important to underline that Article 2 of the Decree provides the replacement of all existing sections in the field of industrial and intellectual property, currently present in some Courts and Courts of Appeal, with new sections on business matter. Moreover, these new sections will be established also in all remaining Courts and Courts of Appeal established in the capital of each region, except in Valle d'Aosta, and in the Court and the Court of Appeal of Brescia. The aforementioned new sections, will have jurisdiction to hear and determine disputes relating to antitrust Italian and European Union. Consequently, Article 2, second paragraph, of “Decreto Crescitalia” decree, edits the text of Article 33 of Law no. 287/90 (antitrust law), which assigned to the Courts of Appeal territorial jurisdiction disputes between individuals concerning the violation of the Italian antitrust legislation.
The new discipline, finally also addresses the difference in treatment between the Community and national rules for the protection of competition. Within the meaning of Article 33 of Law no. 287/90, in fact, the Court of Appeal had jurisdiction, such as courts of first instance only with the violation of the national antitrust legislation, whereas the violations of the European Union antitrust legislation remained in the normal jurisdiction of the courts, with the possibility of subsequent appeal. Just because the two laws are almost identical in content, this difference in treatment, now removed from the Law. 27 of 2012, was difficult to justify and moreover obvious source of uncertainty about the jurisdiction.Dottorato di ricerca in Persona, impresa e lavoro: dal diritto interno a quello internazionale (XXV ciclo
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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