399 research outputs found
Compression of women's reproductive spans in Andhra Pradesh, India
No full textContext: the total fertility rate in Andhra Pradesh, India, has recently decreased to near-replacement level; however, the reasons for the fertility decline are unknown.Methods: data from the second round of the National Family Health Survey were used to examine the reproductive span—the duration between first marriage and menopause or sterilization—among 4,032 ever-married women aged 15-49 living in Andhra Pradesh in 1998-1999.Results: between 1992-1993 and 1998-1999, the median age at which women married remained at 15.1, whereas the age at which they adopted sterilization decreased from 24.5 to 23.6. In life-table analyses, reproductive spans of successive cohorts of women decreased—from 22 years among those who married during the 1960s to 15 years among those who married in the 1970s, 10 years among those who married in the 1980s and five years among those who married in 1990-1996. Proportional hazards regression analyses that controlled for demographic and social characteristics, as well as reproductive attitudes, confirmed this cohort effect (hazard ratios, 1.5-2.6).Conclusions: these findings suggest that women are making the decision to end childbearing faster than older generations did. The gradual compression in reproductive spans is attributable mainly to sterilization acceptance among younger women
Does early childbearing and a sterilization-focused family planning programme in India fuel population growth?
No full textRecent stagnation in the reduction of infant mortality in India can arguably be attributed to early child bearing practices and the lack of progress in lengthening birth intervals. Meanwhile, family planning efforts have been particularly successful in the southern states such as Andhra Pradesh, although family limitation is almost exclusively by means of sterilisation at increasingly younger ages. This paper examines the population impact of the unprecedented convergence of early childbearing trajectories in India and quantifies the potential implications stemming from the neglect of strategies that encourage delaying and spacing of births. The effects of adopting a ‘later, longer and fewer’ family planning strategy are compared with the continuation of fertility concentrated in the younger age groups. Results from the cohort component population projections suggest that a policy encouraging later marriage and birth spacing would achieve a future total population which is about 52 million less in 2050 than if the current early fertility trajectory is continue
Correction: "Density Functional Theory and Experimental Determination of Band Gaps and Lattice Parameters in Kesterite Cu2ZnSn(SxSe1-x)(4)" (vol 11, pg 10463, 2020)
No full textThe authors regret that one of their coauthors, Oliver S. Hutter, was omitted from the original publication due to an oversight. Dr. Hutter was responsible for performing a large part of the experiments on bulk crystalline materials. The authors therefore take this opportunity to include Dr. Hutter on the author list and extend their apologies to him for the earlier oversight
Managing food safety and hygiene: governance and regulation as risk management
No full textFood safety and hygiene is of critical importance to us all. In this wide ranging book, Bridget Hutter explores how we are all dependent on others to ensure that the food we consume from food in the retailing and hospitality sectors is safe. This has prompted a governance system embracing state regulation and groups beyond the state such as consumers, insurance, media and businesses themselves. The book argues that state regulation is ‘necessary but not sufficient’ as an influence on business risk management practices. Using research data from the UK, the author examines the relative importance of these other groups, in relation to each other and in relation to state regulation
The transition to motherhood in Japan : a comparison with the Netherlands
No full textThis study examines low fertility by focusing on the age at which Japanese women give birth for the first time and comparing this with the timing of first birth for Dutch women. It combines the life-history and life-story approaches, and makes use of a wide variety of source materials.
The life-history approach shows that Japanese women increasingly reject the traditional sequence of marriage and motherhood, while the experience of Dutch women exhibits a broadening range of different partnership and living arrangement pathways to first birth. The results of the application of the life-story approach show that the postponement of first birth is unplanned and of a cumulative nature. Japanese women are confronted by conflicting signals from two different constructed images of motherhood, that of the ‘new’ self-realising individual, and that of the ‘old’ wife and mother. On the one hand in the post-industrial society, women are increasingly expected to work, while on the other hand, they are still expected to marry and give birth.
The cover of this book shows the author when she was a child with her mother. The picture is personal but at the same time captures many dimensions of this research. It was taken in the early 1970s, a period already characterised by quite low fertility in Japan and coinciding with the entry into the Second Demographic Transition. It was also the time when the so-called industrial household came under increasing pressure. The picture conveys a dual sense of tradition and modernity. It symbolises the different worlds of a generation of ‘mothers’ and ‘daughters’.
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