1,721,087 research outputs found
Female dominance in indri indri
No full textA total of 15 months were spent on field research in eastern Madagascar studying the largest extant lemur Indri indri. Social relationships were analysed according to the frequency and direction of affiliative and agonistic behaviours, and with respect to the relative tree positions and behavioural synchrony of group members. The relationship between the adult male and adult female in each group was distinguished by the sub-ordinance of the former. Between group variation in adults’ relationships are examined with respect to the function of this behaviour. © 1979 S. Karger AG, Basel
Indri indri
No full textIndri indri (Gmelin, 1788). Syst. Nat., 13th ed., 1:42. TYPE LOCALITY: Madagascar. DISTRIBUTION: NE to EC Madagascar. STATUS: CITES - Appendix I; U.S. ESA and IUCN - Endangered. SYNONYMS: ater, brevicaudatus, mitratus, niger, variegatus.Published as part of Colin P. Groves, 1993, Order Primates, pp. 243-277 in Mammal Species of the World (2 nd Edition), Washington and London :Smithsonian Institution Press on page 247, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.735312
Indri indri
No full text<p> <i>Indri indri</i> (Gmelin, 1788). Syst. Nat., 13th ed., 1:42.</p> <p>TYPE LOCALITY: Madagascar.</p> <p>DISTRIBUTION: N.E. to E.C. Madagascar.</p> <p> PROTECTED STATUS: CITES - Appendix I and U.S. ESA - Endangered as <i>Indri</i> spp.</p> <p>ISIS NUMBER: 5301406002002001001.</p>Published as part of <i>James H. Honacki, Kenneth E. Kinman & James W. Koeppl, 1982, Order Primates, pp. 216-243 in Mammal Species of the World (1 st Edition), Lawrence, Kansas, USA :Alien Press, Inc. & The Association of Systematics Collections</i> on page 219, DOI: <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/7353017">10.5281/zenodo.7353017</a>
The social behaviour and ecology of Indri Indri
No full textA period of 15 months was spent studying the behaviour and ecology of Indri indri in the eastern
rain-forest of Madagascar. Two groups were habituated
to the observer and followed every six weeks for a
complete year. Quantitatives sampling techniques were
developed which allowed several animals' behaviour to
be simultaneously recorded.
Surveys were conducted in three areas of different
botanical and topographical structure and censuses
performed both at the beginning and end of the study.
Some behavioural properties of a population of Indri
were investigated in one study site by collecting data
on vocal interactions between approximately 40 groups.
The maintenance activities of the species are
described and assessed. Seasonal and individual
variation in behaviour are compared both in the groups
studied and with other species. Social behaviour is
analysed (1) by measures of animal interaction and
(2) in terms of the inter-dependence of some individuals'
behaviour with others. Measures of spacing and feeding
are shown to be suitable to this approach. Evidence for
the territoriality of the species is presented and its
adaptive qualities considered. The roles of territory
definition, declaration and occupation are contrasted
and compared. The development of behaviour in infant
and juvenile Indri is examined in terms of individual
and social adaptations. Some facets of ecological and
social differentiation with Indri society are proposed
I Like the Way You Eat It: the possible environmental drivers of Lemur (Indri indri) Gut Microbiome and Mycobiome
No full textResearch on gut microbiome may help with increasing our understanding of primate health with species’ ecology, evolution, and behavior. Microbiome-related information has the potential to clarify ecology issues, providing knowledge in support of wild primates’ conservation and their associated habitats. Indri (Indri indri) is the largest extant living lemur of Madagascar able to survive only in wild conditions. This species is classified as “critically endangered” by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, representing one of the world’s 25 most endangered primates. Indris diet is mainly folivorous, but these primates frequently and voluntarily engage in geophagy.
Here, we investigated the possible linkages among geophagy, soil characteristics, and gut microbiome and mycobiome of indri (Indri indri).
In these works, we explored the chemical composition of soil eaten by indri, which resulted rich in secondary oxide-hydroxides and clays, together with a high concentration of specific essential micronutrients. This could partially explain the role of the soil in detoxification and as a nutrient supply.
Then, we explored the gut microbiome composition of 18 indris belonging to 5 different family groups. The most represented phyla were Proteobacteria 40.1 ± 9.5%, Bacteroidetes 28.7 ± 2.8%, and Synergistetes 16.7 ± 4.5%. Besides, we found that soil subject to geophagy and indris’ faeces shared about 8.9% of the fungal OTUs. Also, several genera (e.g. Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium) were found in both geophagic soil and indri samples.
In conclusion, the intimate connection between gut mycobiome and soil, demonstrated that fungal species may be involved in the digestion processes of leaves and could have a beneficial role in their health. Altogether, the data presented in our works, provide a baseline for outlining some possible drivers responsible for the gut microbiome and mycobiome diversity in indris, thus laying the foundations for developing further strategies involved in indris’ conservation
I Like the Way You Eat It: Lemur (Indri indri) Gut Mycobiome and Geophagy
Full text linkHere, we investigated the possible linkages among geophagy, soil characteristics, and gut mycobiome of indri (Indri indri), an endangered lemur species able to survive only in wild conditions. The soil eaten by indri resulted in enriched secondary oxide-hydroxides and clays, together with a high concentration of specific essential micronutrients. This could partially explain the role of the soil in detoxification and as a nutrient supply. Besides, we found that soil subject to geophagy and indris’ faeces shared about 8.9% of the fungal OTUs. Also, several genera (e.g. Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium) commonly associated with soil and plant material were found in both geophagic soil and indri samples. On the contrary, some taxa with pathogenic potentials, such as Cryptococcus, were only found in indri samples. Further, many saprotrophs and plant-associated fungal taxa were detected in the indri faeces. These fungal species may be involved in the digestion processes of leaves and could have a beneficial role in their health. In conclusion, we found an intimate connection between gut mycobiome and soil, highlighting, once again, the potential consequent impacts on the wider habitat
I Like the Way You Eat It: Lemur (Indri indri) Gut Mycobiome and Geophagy
Full text linkHere, we investigated the possible linkages among geophagy, soil characteristics, and gut mycobiome of indri (Indri indri), an endangered lemur species able to survive only in wild conditions. The soil eaten by indri resulted in enriched secondary oxide-hydroxides and clays, together with a high concentration of specific essential micronutrients. This could partially explain the role of the soil in detoxification and as a nutrient supply. Besides, we found that soil subject to geophagy and indris’ faeces shared about 8.9% of the fungal OTUs. Also, several genera (e.g. Fusarium, Aspergillus and Penicillium) commonly associated with soil and plant material were found in both geophagic soil and indri samples. On the contrary, some taxa with pathogenic potentials, such as Cryptococcus, were only found in indri samples. Further, many saprotrophs and plant-associated fungal taxa were detected in the indri faeces. These fungal species may be involved in the digestion processes of leaves and could have a beneficial role in their health. In conclusion, we found an intimate connection between gut mycobiome and soil, highlighting, once again, the potential consequent impacts on the wider habitat
Infant Development and Maternal Strategies in the Two Largest Lemurs: The Diademed Sifaka (Propithecus diadema) and the Indri (Indri indri).
No full textAt least half of the world’s primate species are currently threatened with extinction. Slow life histories combined with rapid habitat loss and hunting in recent years has heightened the extinction risk for many species, including the two largest extant lemurs, the diademed sifaka (Propithecus diadema) and the indri (Indri indri). Both species belong to the taxonomic family Indriidae, have similar adult weights, and occur in sympatry in certain areas of the montane rainforests of eastern Madagascar. Both species are adapted for folivory however I. indri spend considerably more time feeding on leaves than do P. diadema resulting in several energy-saving adaptations in I.indri. In this dissertation, I explore infant development and maternal strategies of these critically endangered primates with the goal of increasing our knowledge of reproduction and ontogeny in both species. Although previous studies have elucidated key differences in adult behaviour, there is a dearth of information on infants and lactating females in either of these two species. Between June and December of 2011 and 2012, I collected continuous time focal animal data, in Maromizaha forest, to examine behavioural patterns of 12 infants and their mothers from 0 – 33 weeks. In addition, I developed a framework to define and quantify the weaning process and facilitate comparisons across different species and studies. P. diadema infants developed feeding competency and independent locomotion faster than did I. indri infants however both species were consistently feeding independently more than they were suckling by week 20. The process of feeding ontogeny in I. indri was likely accelerated by coprophagy, as all infants of this species consumed their mother’s feces regularly from 10 – 15 weeks old. Lactating females of both species spent more time feeding in mid-lactation when maternal investment was the highest. The prolonged inter-birth interval in I. indri is suggested as another adaptation that reduces energetic expenditures. In addition, the protracted period of close contact with their mother may offer infant I. indri more time for social learning of the mother’s diet and the group song and for developing competency in vertical clinging and leaping without a tail for balance and support.Graduat
Keep Calm and Chew On: A Comparison of Dietary Adaptations in Indri indri and Loris tardigradus
No full textProsimians are a group of primates that retain a suite of primitive traits not found in monkeys or apes. The purpose of this study is to compare two prosimians in the families Lorisidea and Indridae. The species under comparison are the indri (Indri indri) of Madagascar and the red slender loris (Loris tardigradus) of Sri Lanka and southern India. Emphasis is placed on how the cranial and dental anatomies of I. indri and L. tardigradus reflect their dietary preferences and behavior. The study was conducted using one sample skull for each species. Various cranial and dental features were measured and compared. A wide body of literature was also used to compare the ecology, life history, behavior, diet, and locomotion of these species. I. indri is a large, diurnal animal and relies heavily on young foliage for sustenance. In contrast, L. tardigradus is one of the smallest of the lorisines and is primarily nocturnal and insectivorous. It was determined that the data and observations reflect the folivorous diet of I. indri and the insectivorous diet of L. tardigradus. I. indri has dentition designed for crushing and grinding while L. tardigradus has dentition designed to puncture and pierce the exoskeletons of insects. These species also have digestive systems, temporalis muscle configurations, and facial features that reflect their different adaptations
Disentangling the Possible Drivers of Indri indri Microbiome: A Threatened Lemur Species of Madagascar
Full text linkResearch on the gut microbiome may help with increasing our understanding of primate health with species’ ecology, evolution, and behavior. In particular, microbiome-related information has the potential to clarify ecology issues, providing knowledge in support of wild primates conservation and their associated habitats. Indri (Indri indri) is the largest extant living lemur of Madagascar. This species is classified as “critically endangered” by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, representing one of the world’s 25 most endangered primates. Indris diet is mainly folivorous, but these primates frequently and voluntarily engage in geophagy. Indris have never been successfully bred under human care, suggesting that some behavioral and/or ecological factors are still not considered from the ex situ conservation protocols. Here, we explored gut microbiome composition of 18 indris belonging to 5 different family groups. The most represented phyla were Proteobacteria 40.1 ± 9.5%, Bacteroidetes 28.7 ± 2.8%, Synergistetes 16.7 ± 4.5%, and Firmicutes 11.1 ± 1.9%. Further, our results revealed that bacterial alpha and beta diversity were influenced by indri family group and sex. In addition, we investigated the chemical composition of geophagic soil to explore the possible ecological value of soil as a nutrient supply. The quite acidic pH and high levels of secondary oxide-hydroxides of the soils could play a role in the folivorous diet’s gut detoxification activity. In addition, the high contents of iron and manganese found the soils could act as micronutrients in the indris’ diet. Nevertheless, the concentration of a few elements (i.e., calcium, sulfur, boron, nickel, sodium, and chromium) was higher in non-geophagic than in geophagic soils. In conclusion, the data presented herein provide a baseline for outlining some possible drivers responsible for the gut microbiome diversity in indris, thus laying the foundations for developing further strategies involved in indris’ conservation
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