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The productivity and acceptability of neologisms in the verbal lexicon of Kurdish: a corpus-based study
No full textDissertation, Otto-Friedrich-Universität Bamberg, 2018This dissertation investigates the question of how written Kurmanji Kurdish is developing in the absence of national institutional support, or a unified and widely acknowledged standardization authority. Despite the lack of a corresponding executive body, Kurmanji Kurdish has nevertheless developed several written genres and is represented by publishing houses in several countries, and a thriving online presence. It thus provides an excellent object of study for observing self-organizing processes in the ʻstandardizationʼ (or at least in the levelling of differences) across a written language in the internet era. The dissertation focusses on the manner in which the verbal lexicon, traditionally dominated by complex predicates, has recently been expanded by lexicographers and other independent language stakeholders, and how these innovations are perceived and deployed by native speakers / writers.
In the first two chapters, the major issues in Kurdish language planning are discussed and the relevant theoretical concepts laid out. The question is also raised as to whether ʻStandardizationʼ, the currently dominant paradigm in the literature on Kurdish, is an adequate framework, and whether it would be more appropriate to consider it as a case of Koiné-creation. Chapter three provides an overview of word-formation in Kurdish, a topic that has generally been neglected in the linguistic literature.
Chapter 4 presents the empirical core of the study, involving two related In a pilot study, a set of candidate neologisms was evaluated by a group of native speakers. In a second study, a sub-set of neologisms was investigated in a one-million-word corpus of current contemporary literary Kurmanji in order to identify patterns of usage. The corpus has been compiled as part of the study, and is available as an online resource.
It emerged from the first study that native speakers vary enormously in their familiarity with, and attitude towards, the neologisms. It can be provisionally concluded that the coining of neologisms is an relatively random process, often reflecting individual taste and language biographies, and they hence elicit equally varied responses in the readers. With regard to patterns of usage, it was shown that very few of the proposed neologisms have achieved broad acceptance across all authors sampled, though certain tendencies can be observed. However, these results need to be verified against a larger corpus.
This is the first study that applies corpus-based methods in the investigation of written Kurdish. The results indicate that the standardization process, which continues to be a focus of much of Kurdish scholarship, is far more complex and random than has previously been assumed, and standardization efforts do not yield predictable results. It is hoped that this dissertation will stimulate more evidence-based research on this aspect of written Kurdish in the future, and also contribute towards corpus-building efforts.Die im Dezember 2018 unter dem Titel „Die Produktivität und Akzeptabilität von Neologismen im Verblexikon des Kurdischen: eine korpusbasierte Untersuchung“ an der Universität Bamberg abgeschlossene Dissertation von Abdullah Incekan geht der Frage nach, inwiefern nicht-staatliche Akteure tatsächlich sprachplanerische Maßnahmen implementieren können und inwiefern ihre Bemühungen im tatsächlichen Sprachgebrauch auf Akzeptabilität stoßen. Die vorliegende Arbeit geht über bisherige Studien zu dem 'emergent standard' (Haig 2001) hinaus, die sich weitestgehend auf die Besprechung des ideologischen Hintergrunds beschränken oder aber selbst normativ am Diskurs beteiligen. Die vorliegende Studie versteht sich als Versuch, dieses Teilgebiet der Sprachplanung mittels empirischer Methoden zu beleuchten. Es mag vielleicht ein wenig dazu beitragen, dass ein evidenzbasierter Ansatz tatsächlich im diesbezüglichen Diskurs Einzug erhält.
In der Dissertation wird davon ausgegangen, dass die kurdische Gesellschaft seit mehreren Jahrzehnten auf vielen Ebenen einen Transformationsprozess durchlebt. Die Auswanderung der Kurden aus dem ländlichen Gebiet dauert seit mehreren Dekaden ununterbrochen an. Auch wenn die Gründe hierfür unterschiedlich sind, bleiben die Auswirkungen auf sprachlicher Ebene sehr eindeutig: Die Kurdischsprecher sind mobiler geworden und durchbrechen deshalb regionalbedingte Unterschiede. Und deshalb versucht die kurdische Sprachgemeinschaft Einfluss auf ihre Sprache zu nehmen - durch mehr oder weniger gesteuerte und koordinierte Maßnahmen. Diese Maßnahmen führen dazu, dass eine Standardisierung des Kurdischen zunehmend bewirkt wird, welche seit langem ein erklärtes Ziel kurdischsprachiger Intellektueller ist.
Eine staatliche Instanz, die Standardisierungsaufgaben übernehmen könnte, fehlt bis dato. Deshalb finden diese Bemühungen gewissermaßen in einem rechtlichen Niemandsland statt und sind folglich schwerer zu fassen und zu bewerten, als die besser bekannten Fälle von Sprachplanungen.
In der Arbeit wird exemplarisch ein Bereich des Lexikons untersucht, an dem nachweislich unterschiedliche Akteure versuchen auf die Sprachentwicklung Einfluss zu nehmen. Es handelt sich um den Bereich des Verblexikons, das im traditionellen Kurmancî bekanntlich relativ arm ist – zumindest an einfachen Verballexemen.
Gegenstand der Arbeit ist es, die Bildungsmuster selbst zu beleuchten, aber vor allem der Frage nachzugehen, inwiefern diese Neologismen innerhalb der Sprachgemeinschaft
(a) als verständlich und gebräuchlich empfunden werden und
(b) in der heutigen Schriftsprache Verwendung finden.
In dem ersten der sich aus fünf Kapiteln zusammensetzenden Dissertation wird dieses Vorhaben und die Fragestellung erläutert.
In dem zweiten Kapitel behandelt Incekan die soziopolitischen Rahmenbedingungen des Kurmancî-Kurdischen (2.1) und bespricht ausgehend von theoretischen Konzepten der Koiné-Bildung (2.2) sowie der klassischen Arbeiten zur Sprachplanung, wie z.B. von Haugen, ausführlich die Standardisierung von Kurmancî. Daran anschließend (2.3) stellt er neuere Ansätze zur Sprachplanung, so z.B. die durch Schiffman unter dem Begriff linguistic culture behandelten Aspekte der Sprachpolitik, dar und wendet sie auf das Kurmancî-Kurdische an. Im dritten Kapitel (3.) wird die Wortbildung des Kurmancî-Kurdischen, insbesondere die Bildungsmuster der Verben (3.3-3.5) ausführlich dargestellt, um eine Analyse dieser Neologismen vornehmen zu können.
Um die oben angegebene zweite Teilfrage, bei der es um die Verwendung dieser Neologismen in der heutigen Schriftsprache geht, wurde im Rahmen der Dissertation hierfür eigens ein umfassendes digitales Korpus des modernen Kurdischen erstellt, anhand dessen sowohl qualitative als auch quantitative Aspekte des Neologismusgebrauchs untersucht wurden. Unter 4.1 werden die Daten und die Methode dargestellt. Um der Fragestellung gerecht zu werden, wurde aus dem Wörterbuch Kurdish-English/English-Kurdish von Rizgar alle einfachen Verben (813) zusammengetragen und hinsichtlich ihrer Verständlichkeit und Bekanntheit durch Incekan bewertet. Die Analyse der auf diesem Wege entstandenen 294 Verben erfolgt im Unterkapitel 4.4. Davor wird jedoch die korpusbasierte Forschung als eine Methode in dem vierten Kapitel (4.1- 4.2) historisch eingeordnet und wissenschaftlich begründet. In diesem Kapitel erfolgt außerdem die Beschreibung der Vorgehensweise der Probanden (4.3), die die 294 Neologismen hinsichtlich ihrer Verständlichkeit und Bekanntheit bewerten. Im Kapitel 4.4 werden anschließend die zehn bestberwerteten sowie die am schlechtesten bewerteten Verben exemplarisch im Korpus untersucht und ihre Ergebnisse dargestellt.
Im letzten Kapitel, im Kapitel 5, werden die Ergebnisse der Untersuchung dargestellt. Demnach werden 2/3 der Neologismen als fremd betrachtet und sie sind nicht im Sprachgebrauch der Muttersprachler. Diese Ergebnisse werden durch die Korpusuntersuchung ebenfalls wiederspiegelt. Bei der Arbeit kommt Incekan zu dem Schluss, dass die sprachplanerischen Arbeiten nur sehr bedingt ihr Ziel erreichen.
Das von Incekan als Corpus of Contemporary Written Kurdish (CCWK) betitelte Korpus wird an der Universität Bamberg online verfügbar sein, so dass Interessenten damit Untersuchungen vornehmen können
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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