108,669 research outputs found
SPECTROSCOPIC REMOTE-SENSING OF MOLECULAR CONSTITUENTS IN THE ATMOSPHERE BY LASER-RADAR TECHNIQUES BASED ON OPTICAL SCATTERING PHENOMENA
No full textH. Inaba and T. Kobayasi, Nature, 224, 170, (1969). T. Kobayasi and H. Inaba, Appl. Phys. Letters, 17, 139, (1970). H. Inaba and T. Kobayasi. Invited paper to the Sixth International Quantum Electronics Conference, Kyoto, Japan, September 1970. T. Kobayasi and H. Inaba. Proceedings of IEEE., 58, 1568, (1970).""Author Institution: Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku UniversityThe usefulness of Raman spectroscopy, which is so far recognized as a complementary technique to infrared spectroscopy, can be extended to include various new fields which are unique to itself. The laser-Raman radar scheme detecting the Raman backscattered echoes has been and confirmed experimentally by the present , which is capable of measuring remotely the number density of molecular constituents as well as their species existing not only in the ordinary but also in the polluted atmosphere. This paper wishes to report the operational performance and the experimental results, so far obtained, of our laser-Raman radar as a completely single-ended system for the chemical analysis of the real atmosphere. An alternative method, which utilizes a frequency-tunable dye laser with high repetition rate of pulsed operation is also developed to investigate the resonance spectroscopic effects of a variety of molecules and atoms contained in the lower and upper atmosphere. These effects include the fluorescence and the resonance scatterings along with the resonance Raman scattering, and are expected to improve significantly the sensitivity and the range capability for the constituent analysis of our environmental air
The net reproduction rate and the type-reproduction number in multiregional demography
No full textIn order to study effects of migration on demographic changes of multiregional populations, multiregional population modelling is a useful traditional tool. Although multiregional mathematical demography has been extensively explored since the beginning of the 1970s, its key concept, the multiregional net reproduction rate, has been long neglected. In this review, we focus on a multiregional stable population system and elaborate the definition of the multiregional net reproduction rate. Next we introduce the type-reproduction number from mathematical epidemiology and show that it becomes a useful index to formulate a simple control relation for a multiregional population. Mathematical ideas presented here will help us to reconsider multiregional mathematical demography, which is a useful theoretical framework to study effects of interregional migration on population dynamics and composition.
The H current blocker ZD7288 decreases epileptiform hyperexcitability in the rat neocortex by depressing synaptic transmission
No full textNeurons respond to intracellular injection of hyperpolarizing current pulses by generating depolarizing sags contributed by a cation current termed I-h. I-h modulates neuron excitability and rhythmicity. It is, however, unclear whether the net effect of changing Ih leads to facilitation or depression of cortical epileptiform activity. Here, we addressed this issue by using field and intracellular recordings to study the effects of ZD7288 (10-100 mu M), a bradycardic agent known to abolish I-h, on the epileptiform discharges (duration = 2.5 +/- 0.3 s, mean +/- SEM; interval of occurrence = 34.2 +/- 3.3 s, n = 30 slices) induced in rat neocortical slices by 4-aminopyridine and GABA receptor antagonists. ZD7288 abolished the depolarizing sags seen during injection of intracellular hyperpolarizing current pulses while increasing resting membrane potential and apparent input resistance. These effects, which were fully established with 10 mu M ZD7288, were associated with a dose-dependent decrease in the occurrence of spontaneous epileptiform events and a reduction in their duration (the latter change occurring at doses > 20 mu M). ZD7288 also caused a dose-dependent decrease of background postsynaptic potentials. Finally, ZD7288 could depress epileptiform activity during Cs+ pretreatment, a procedure known to block Ih. These data indicate that ZD7288 hampers neocortical epileptiform synchronization, but also suggest that most of this action reflects the ability of ZD7288 to decrease synaptic transmission. (c) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Correlation of structure and function in the oxidative phosphorylation system of submitochondrial particles
No full text1. After the centrifugation of sonicated heavy beef heart mitochondria at 75, 000 × g for 10 minutes, the supernatant was centrifuged at 144, 000 × g for 30 minutes. The residue was revealed being composed of
vesicular inner membrane fragments (ETPH), about 600 to 1000 Å. in diameter, showing a morphological homogeneity and a high capacity of oxidative phosphorylation. 2. The Pia ratio of the ETPH in the presence of succinate and of NADH2 was 1.68 and 2.54, respectively, and the corrected Pia value for O2 gas equilibrium was 1. 01 and 1.40, respectively.
3. The capacity of oxidative phosphorylation in ETPH fraction was parallel to the activity of the oligomycin. sensitive ATPase in these fractions. 4. The P/0 ratio of ETPH was decreased to about 50 % by hypotonic
treatment. The decrease of P/0 ratio was restored to the level of about 90 % by incubating the ETPH with ATP and BSA. In the instance where the P/0 ratio was low level in the hypotonic medium, the surface structure of ETPH was observed as a swollen form and the head pieces
of the elementary particles were clearly observed in contrast to the solid surface structure of ETPH in the isotonic medium. 5. The P/0 ratio of ETPH was decreased to about 60 % by relatively severe sonication, and after separating the residue from the supernatant, that of the residue decreased further to about 40 %. The P/0 ratio of the residue was restored to the level before the separation on the addition of the supernatant containing oligomycin-insensitive ATPase. 6. A discussion was made on the correlation between the surface structure and the activities at terminal phosphorylation step of ETPH
after the simple physico-chemical treatment.</p
MEASUREMENTS OF RAMAN CROSS SECTIONS FOR VARIOUS GASES IN THE POLLUTED ATMOSPHERE BY MEANS OF PULSED LASER-RAMAN AND PULSE-GATED PHOTON COUNTING METHODS
No full text H. Inaba and T. Kobayasi, Nature 224, 170 (Oct. 1969) T. Kobayasi and H. Inaba, Appl. Phys. Letters 17, 139 (Aug. 1970); Proc. of the IEEE. 58, 1568 (1970). H. Inaba and T. Kobayasi, Paper presented to 26th Symposium on Molecular Structure and Spectroscopy N4, Columbus, Ohio, June 14-18, 1971. W. F. Murphy, W. Holzer and H. J. Bernstein, Appl. Spectroscopy 23, 211 (1969). D.G. Fouche and R.K. Chang, Appl. Phys. Letters 18, 579 (June 1971).""Author Institution: Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku UniversityFeasibility and potentiality of the laser radar system which detects the Raman-shifted backscattering, either in non-resonant or resonant nature, from chemical contents of atmospheric pollutants to identify and to monitor remotely their concentrations have been However, for the precise measurement of species concentration, the knowledge on the Raman scattering cross sections is always required. This paper presents the measured result and their comparison of the Raman cross sections of various molecules present in the atmosphere such as relative to that of as a reference gas. We employed primarily a molecular nitrogen laser with 10mW average power at 3371 {\AA}, 20 kW peak power of 10 nsec duration and a repetition rate of 50 Hz. Recently, we have succeeded in the operation of transverse excitation atmospheric (TEA) nitrogen laser at 3371 {\AA} which is applicable to the field-use and also to the laboratory experiments. The Raman scattered radiation was observed in a direction perpendicular to the linearly polarized plane of the incident laser beam. The signal was processed by the pulse-gated photon counting method synchronized with the repetitive laser pulse, which is valuable for detecting extremely weak light signals. The accuracy of our measured cross sections is within 10\% and their values were found to agree well with the pre-laser result by Murphy et and the laser result by Fouche et for several gases. It is noteworthy that band has 15 times and band has 7.2 times larger cross section than that of , due possibly to resonance Raman effect at 3371 {\AA}
Correlation between fold increase of Inaba OSP specific antibody responses and cumulative diarrheal volume.
No full textX axis represents the fold-increase (day 10 to day 0) of IgM, IgA, and IgG responses against V. cholerae O1 Inaba OSP and Y axis represents cumulative diarrhea following experimental challenge with wild type V. cholerae O1 Inaba 10 or 90 days post vaccination with Inaba CVD 103-HgR. Dashed horizontal lines mark moderate (3L) or severe (5L) diarrheal values. Dashed vertical line denotes 1.5-fold anti-OSP antibody value change (day 10 post-vaccination compared to day 0 pre-vaccination).</p
A Kinetic Study of the Oxidation and Reduction of Praseodymium Oxides:1/7Pr7O12 + (1/7-x/2)O2 ■ PrO2-x
No full textSerum Inaba OSP-specific antibody isotype fold increase (≥1.5) and Inaba-specific vibriocidal fold increase (≥4) on day 10 following vaccination as a predictor of protection against development of mild, moderate or severe diarrhea following subsequent challenge.
No full textSerum Inaba OSP-specific antibody isotype fold increase (≥1.5) and Inaba-specific vibriocidal fold increase (≥4) on day 10 following vaccination as a predictor of protection against development of mild, moderate or severe diarrhea following subsequent challenge.</p
Genetic Studies of the Effect of Serotype Switching in O1 Vibrio cholerae
No full textCholera is still today a severe disease causing millions of infections world-wide. The causative pathogenic bacteria presents as two main serotypes: Ogawa and Inaba. The serotypes differ in the methylation of a surface sugar that is mediated by the wbeT gene, with Ogawa having an active intact gene and Inaba having an inactive mutated gene, giving loss-of-function.
The aim of this project was to construct an Inaba strain from an Ogawa strain, making a pair of otherwise isogenic strains. Moreover, the project aimed to use the strains to investigate differences between the serotypes.
The construction of the Inaba strain was successful, and the pair of strains are now used for study. No noteworthy differences in growth rate between the serotypes was found when grown in isolation, but when grown together in liquid culture the serotypes reached an equilibrium of 80% Ogawa to 20% Inaba. One experiment to illustrate serotype switching by applying a selection pressure using antibodies was performed. The experiment generated 8 novel Inaba mutations, one of which is most likely a very stable Inaba mutant that could also be used as part of an isogenic pair together with its
parent strain.
Further studies into the differences between the serotypes is warranted, and the two pairs of isogenic strains can be interesting tools for such research
Serum Inaba OSP-specific antibody isotype fold increase (≥1.5) and Inaba-specific vibriocidal fold increase (≥4) on day 10 following vaccination as a predictor of protection against development of moderate or severe diarrhea following subsequent challenge.
No full textSerum Inaba OSP-specific antibody isotype fold increase (≥1.5) and Inaba-specific vibriocidal fold increase (≥4) on day 10 following vaccination as a predictor of protection against development of moderate or severe diarrhea following subsequent challenge.</p
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