56 research outputs found
Syntheses and characterizations of cyclotriphosphazenes containing 1-naphthyl derivatives
No full textIn the present work, a series of cyclotriphosphazenes containing 1-naphthyl derivatives (3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9) was synthesized. Mono-(3), geminal bis-(4) and tetrakis (5) 1-naphthylamino substituted cyclotriphosphazenes were synthesized from the reactions of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (N3P3Cl6) with 1-naphthylamine. Geminal bis-(7), tetrakis (8) and hexakis (9) 1-thionaphthoxy derivatives were obtained from the reactions of N3P3Cl6 with 1-naphthylthiol. The structures of the compounds (3, 4, 5, 7, 8 and 9) were determined by elemental analysis, mass and (H-1, P-31) NMR spectroscopies. Molecular and crystal structures of 3, 4, 5, 7 and 9 were also characterized by X-ray crystallography. The compounds (3, 5, 7, 8 and 9) were synthesized and characterized for the first time. Compounds 7-9 were reported as the first examples for cyclophosphazenes containing thionapthyl groups in the literature. The crystal structure of compound 4 was reported for the first time. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved
Variation and association in Lathyrus species based on seed biochemical constituents
No full textGülümser, Erdem (Bilecik, Author)
Mut, Hanife (Bilecik, Author)The seeds of twelve Lathyrus species were analyzed for crude protein, ODAP, ash, mineral contents and thousand seed weight. CP content varied from 20.78% in L. cicera to 30.92% in L. ochrus. ODAP content was the most variable trait (CV= 97.81%), being highest (10.31 mg g(-1)) in L. clymenum (cultivar) and lowest (0.65 mg g(-1)) in L. laxiflorus (wild). This was followed by thousand seed weight (TSW) being highest in L. sativus (114.54 g) and lowest in L. nissolia (3.45 g). These species also exhibited a reasonable variation regarding mineral contents, especially for Ca (CV= 40.29%) and Mn (CV= 40.96%). Correlation analysis, based on interspecies means indicated that ODAP was highly correlated with TSW (r = 0.762), Zinc (r= 0.732) and B (r=- 0.507), while there was no significant correlation of ODAP with CP and ash contents
Potential of community gardens for sustainable urban development in Izmir, Turkey
No full textUrban agriculture is becoming increasingly important in developed and developing countries that are experiencing serious environmental and social problems. As a developing country, Turkey has faced some environmental, social and economic issues in urban areas with typically irregular industrialization and urbanization processes since the 1950s. In this study, community gardening, as one of the urban agriculture practices, was evaluated as a tool for sustainable urban development in the Izmir Metropolitan area in Turkey. The potential of existing community gardens was investigated with two case study sites in Bornova and Buca regarding social, economic and environmental qualities of the region. A mixed method approach incorporates historical research, interviews, and diagramming. After the evaluation of findings from site observations, open discussions and interviews, the data was used to illustrate conceptual community garden network in Izmir.M.L.A.Includes bibliographical referencesby Hanife Vardi Topa
Synthesis, characterization and photophysical properties of cyclotriphosphazenes including heterocyclic rings
No full textIn the present work, new cyclotriphosphazene derivatives, {[N3P3(biph)(R)(4)] (biph = 2',2''-dioxy-1',1''-bi-phenyl, R = imidazolyl (5) and benzimidazolyl (7)}, were synthesized for the first time. Both of these compounds (5 and 7) were fully characterized by elemental analysis, mass spectrometry and H-1 and P-31 NMR spectroscopy. The crystal structures of compounds 5 and 7 were determined by single-crystal X-ray crystallography. Furthermore, a second polymorph (triclinic form) of 2,2-monospiro-(2',2''-dioxy-1',1''-biphenyl)-4,4,6,6-tetrachlorocyclotriphosphazene (3) was isolated during the course of our study. UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence emission properties of 3, 5 and 7 were determined in a range of different solvents
Synthesis, characterization, photophysical and intramolecular energy transfer properties of oxy-naphthylchalcone appended cyclotriphosphazene cores
No full textIn this study, three novel oxy-naphthylchalcone appended cyclotriphosphazene derivatives (3, 4 and 5) were obtained by the nucleophilic substitution reactions of cyclotriphosphazene cores (1, 1a and 1b) with (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1-(naphthalene-2-yl) prop-2-en-1-one (2) in presence of K2CO3/acetone. Novel compounds 3, 4 and 5 were characterized with using NMR (H-1 and P-31), elemental analysis, mass and FT-IR spectroscopies. In addition, molecular and crystal structures of 2 and 3 were determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The photophysical and intramolecular energy transfer properties of novel oxy-naphthylchalcone appended cyclotriphosphazene derivatives (3, 4 and 5) and their precursors (1a and 1b) were examined by steady state-/time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy and excitation-emission matrix (EEM) analysis. According to obtained results, novel target compounds (4 and 5) demonstrate a highly efficient intramolecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between excited phenol/naphthol groups and oxy-naphthylchalcone group
Syntheses and characterizations of cyclotriphosphazenes containing a 4-oxy-1-naphthaldehyde group
No full textThe nucleophilic substitution reaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (N(3)P(l)3l(I)6, rinmer) (1) with -4hydroxy-l-naphthaldehyde (2) has been investigated for the first time4d'-Oxy1l'-naphthaldehyde substituted mon- o(3), bis- (4), and tris- (5) cyclotriphosphazenes were obtained from the nucleophilic substitution of compound 1 with 2inm a : 2 molar ratioinm the presence of s(S)2CO3inm acetone at reflu.x The pentakis-(6) and hexakis-substituted (7) cyclotriphosphazenes were prepared from the reaction of 1 with 2inm a : 7 molar ratio using (K)2C(O)3 as a proton abstractorinm tetrahydrofuran at room temperatur.e The structures of the new compounds (3-7) were determined by elemental analysis, FT-IR, and mass and nuclear magnetic resonance (H-1 and (31) P) spectroscopies
Ebu Hanife ve el-Fıkhu’l-ekber risalesi
No full textBu çalışma, İmâm Ebû Hanîfe Nûman b. Sâbit’e atfedilen el-Fıkhu’l-ekber adlı risâlenin aidiyetine dair tartışmaları ele almaktadır. Hicrî sekizinci yüzyıldan sonraki dönemde İslâm Coğrafyası’nda yaygınlaşan bu eserin müellifine olan nispeti ile muhtevasına yönelik eleştiriler yapılmış, bunun neticesinde bu risâlenin günümüzdeki şekliyle Ebû Hanîfe’ye ait olamayacağına dair bir kanaat oluşmuştur. Risâlenin içeriğine yöneltilen eleştiriler dikkate alınarak bu eserin Ebû Hanîfe’ye olan nispeti, muhtevasının sonradan değiştirilip değiştirilmediği, risâlede geçen konuların ne ölçüde onun görüşlerini yansıttığı gibi temel konulara değinilmiştir. Bu doğrultuda yazma eserler ve ilk dönem kaynaklar incelenerek eserin müellifine olan aidiyetinin doğru olup olmadığı ortaya konulmaya çalışılmış, diğer yandan el-Fıkhu’l-ekber’in muhtevası ile Ebû Hanîfe’nin akaide dair görüşlerinin karşılaştırılması yapılarak bu risâledeki bilgilerle inanç konularındaki görüşleri arasında var olan benzerlik ve farklılıklar tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca Ebû Hanîfe’ye el-Fıkhu’l-ekber adıyla iki farklı eser nispet edilmektedir. Bu iki ayrı risâle içerisinde hangisinin ona ait olduğunun araştırılması ise çalışmanın ana konularından birisini oluşturmuştur. Böylece erken döneme ait eserlerde el-Fıkhu’l-ekber ismi geçtiğinde hangisinin esas alınması gerektiği konusu netleştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Ebû Hanîfe’nin diğer akaid risâlelerine yönelik eleştirilere de değinilerek bunlardan hangisinin aidiyetinin daha kuvvetli olduğuna dair oluşan kanaatler zikredilmiştir.This study debates discussions about the al-Fiqh al-Akbar attributed to Imam Abu Hanifa Nûman b. Sâbit. In the period after the eighth century of hijri. Criticisims have been made about relation with author and content of this work which has become widespread in Islamic Geography, in consequence of this there is a consensus that this risala can not belong to Abu Hanifa as it is today. Considering criticisims directed to content of risala, it is mentioned basic topics such as relative this work to Abu Hanifa and whether the content is changed or not afterwards and how reflects of his views. In this direction by viewing manuscripts and first period sources it has been tried to reveal whether the belonging of the work to author is correct or not, on the other hand by comparing content of al-Fiqh al-Akbar with the views of Abu Hanifa about akaid, it was identified similarities and differences between informations in this risala and views of belief. In addition two different works are referred Abu Hanifa in the name al-Fiqh al-Akbar. Investigation which one belongs to him in these risalas has constituted one of the main topics of study. Thus, when al-Fiqh al-Akbar’s name mentions in early works, it has been tried to clarify which should be taken as basis. By referring to Abu Hanifa’s criticisms to other risalas it has been refered to opinions which one of their belongings are strong
Embryonic development of the olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae Rossi (Diptera: Tephritidae), in vivo
No full textThe olive fruit fly, Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a pest that infests olive fruits. The female oviposits in large green olives and larvae hatch inside the fruit, where they feed upon the fruit tissues. Larval development is completed inside the fruit. These flies cause great damage to olive production worldwide. Traditionally, insecticides have been directed against the adult stage, but the results are not efficient. This present work is a study of embryogenesis in the olive fruit fly. The external morphology of the Bactrocera oleae Rossi (Diptera: Tephritidae) egg is described from light microscopy without dechorionation. The observations were made in vivo and were photographed. The eggshell of B. oleae contains a smooth chorion with a cup-shaped anterior pole. The average length of eggs is 0.738 +/- 0.01 mm and the average diameter is 0.21 +/- 0.06 mm. The embryonic developmental progress is described as formation of the zygote, blastoderm and gastrulation, and organogenesis. The embryogenesis is completed within 65-70 h at 25 +/- 1 degrees C under laboratory conditions. External egg morphology can be useful in estimating the age of B. oleae eggs for purposes such as introducing genes into embryos by germline transformation in future studies.TUBITAK [105 O 558]; Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA-GEBIP); Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK) [105 O 558]The author thanks undergraduate students Elvan Sert and Ramazan Gencer for their help in embryo observations. The author thanks Dr Alfred M Handler and Dr James L Nation who collaborated in TUBITAK Project Grant No. 105 O 558. This research was financially supported by the Turkish Academy of Sciences (TUBA-GEBIP 2009) and the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK, Project Grant No. 105 O 558)
A new method for the evaluation of cervical dystonia
No full textGİRİŞ VE AMAÇ: Servikal distoninin değerlendirilmesinde kullanılan klasik ölçüm yöntemleri klinisyenin görsel algısına ve hastanın hastalığı ile ilgili iç görüsüne dayanmaktadır. Kullanılan skalaların, çalışmalarla ve uzun yıllar deneyimle geçerlilikleri kanıtlanmış olmalarına rağmen, değişik değerlendiricilerin aynı hasta için farklı sonuçlar elde etmesine neden olabilecek metrik olmayan yapıdadırlar. Çalışmamızda, derinlik algılayıcı kamera ile baş-boyun postürünün açılar aracılığıyla metrik ölçümünü yapmayı ve servikal distonide objektif ölçüm yapan yeni bir yöntem geliştirmeyi amaçladık.
GEREÇ VE YÖNTEM: Çalışmamızda servikal distonilerin objektif, vizüel bir yöntemle değerlendirilmesi ve matematik sonuçların elde edilmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaçla 40 sağlıklı denekte, derinlik ölçümü özelliğine sahip bir kamera ve buna uygun olarak yazılmış özel bir program ile baş-boyun postürü sanal ortama aktarılarak kayıtlandı. Amaca uygun hazırlanmış bir yazılım ile baş-boyun-gövde arasındaki açılar ölçüldü. Elde edilen veriler klasik açıölçer verileri ile karşılaştırıldı. Ölçüm yönteminin hata payı +/- 3 derece olarak hesaplandı. Cihaz ile 22 servikal distonili olgu istirahatte ve hareketle (el açma-kapama) ölçüldü. Aynı olgulara dört yönden 20 saniyelik videolar çekildi. Videonun ilk 10 saniyesi istirahatte, son 10 saniyesi hareketle kayıt edildi. Hareket bozuklukları konusunda uzman iki farklı otör videoları izleyerek olguları değerlendirdi, TWSTRS ve Tsui Skalası’na göre puanlandırdı. Cihaz verileri, otör 1 ve otör 2 verileri ile karşılaştırıldı.
BULGULAR: İlk ölçümlerimizde sistemin, başın ön ve arkaya hareketlerinin ölçümünde yetersiz olduğunu tespit ettik. Torsiyon ve lateral ölçümlerde 10-20 derecelerde +/- 3 derece hata payı ile ölçüm yapılabildi. Cihaz tarafından ölçülen rotasyon açısı (istirahatte ve hareketle) otör 1 ve otör 2 tarafından belirlenen tahmini rotasyon açısı ile karşılaştırıldı. Üç grup beraber değerlendirildiğinde sınıflar arası korelasyon katsayısı (interclass corelation coefficient) istirahatte 0,799 (%79,9), hareketle 0,784 (%78,4) olarak hesaplandı. Otör 1 ve otor 2 kendi aralarında karşılaştırıldığında ise korelasyon katsayısı istirahatte 0,717 (%71,7), hareketle 0,692 (%69,2) şeklinde hesaplandı. Cihaz verileri ile otör 1’in verilerinin daha uyumlu olduğu görüldü. Cihaz, otör 1 ve otör 2 TWSTRS verileri üçlü karşılaştırıldığında değerlendiriciler arası uyum istirahatte 0,6-0,8 (substantial) hareketle 0,6-0,8 (substantial) olarak belirlendi. Cihaz, otör 1 ve otör 2 Tsui verileri karşılaştırıldığında değerlendiriciler arası uyum istirahatte 0,6-0,8 (substantial), hareketle 0,4-0,6 (moderate) olarak bulundu.
SONUÇ: Kinect kamera yazılım sistemi, servikal distonide istirahatte ve hareketle baş-boyun postürü için objektif veriler sağladığından, servikal distonili hastaların kinematik değerlendirmesinde hassas bir araçtır. Bu sistemin servikal distonili hastaların tanısında ve tedavi takibinde yararlı olacağını düşünüyoruz. Sistemin kısıtlı olduğu yönler açısından geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir ve hareket analizi alanında farklı teknolojilerle yapılacak daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Mevcut distoni ölçekleri için kılavuzlar ve eğitim araçları geliştirilerek değerlendiriciler arasındaki uyumun arttırılmasına ihtiyaç vardır.Introduction and Objective: Classical measurement methods used in the evaluation of cervical dystonia are based on the visual perception of the clinician and the patient's insight about the disease. Although the scales used have proven their validity with many years of experience, they are nonmetric, which may cause different assessors to get different results for the same patient. In our study, we aim to measure the head and neck posture by means of angles and to develop a new method that makes objective measurement in cervical dystonia.
Materials and Methods: In our study, we aimed to evaluate cervical dystonia with an objective, visual method and to obtain mathematical results. For this purpose, head and neck posture of 40 healthy subjects was transferred to the virtual environment and recorded with a camera with depth measurement feature and a special computer program. The obtained data were compared with classical protractor data. The margin of error of the measurement method was calculated as +/- 3. 22 cases with cervical dystonia were recorded at rest and with movement (hand opening-closing) with this method. In the same cases, 20-second videos were taken from four directions. The first 10 seconds of the video were recorded at rest and the last 10 seconds with motion. Two experts on motion disorders watched the videos and evaluated the cases, scored them according to TWSTRS and Tsui Scale. Device data, author 1 and author 2 data were compared.
Results: In our first measurements, we found that the system was insufficient in measuring the anterior and posterior movements of the head. In torsion and lateral measurements, it was possible to measure with an error of +/- 3 degrees at 10-20 degrees. The rotation angle measured by the device (at rest and with movement) was compared with the estimated rotation angle determined by author 1 and author 2. When the three groups were evaluated together, the interclass corelation coefficient was calculated as 0.799 (79.9%) at rest and 0.784 (78.4%) with movement. When the author 1 and author 2 were compared, the correlation coefficient was calculated as 0.717 (71.7%) at rest and 0.692 (69.2%) with movement. It was observed that the device data and the data of the author 1 were more compatible. When device, author 1 and author 2 TWSTRS data were compared in triplicate, the agreement between the raters was determined as 0.6-0.8 (substantial) at rest and 0.6-0.8 (substantial) with movement. When device, author 1 and author 2 Tsui data were compared, Kthe inter-rater agreement was found as 0.6-0.8 (substantial) at rest and 0.4-0.6 (moderate) with movement.
Conclusion: The Kinect camera-software system is a sensitive tool in the kinematic evaluation of patients with cervical dystonia, as it provides objective data for head-neck posture at rest and with motion in cervical dystonia. We think that this system will be useful in the diagnosis and treatment follow-up of patients with cervical dystonia. In the field of analysis, more studies are needed with different technologies. There is a need to increase the harmony between raters by developing guidelines and training tools for existing dystonia scales
The tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae): pupal key characters for sexing individuals
No full textThe present study was conducted to determine the crucial characters for sexing individuals of female and male pupae of the tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). The experiments were performed on 50 live pupae, which were examined under a stereozoom microscope and photographed. Two small tubercles present on the eighth abdominal segment of female pupae are helpful to distinguish the tomato leafminer from male pupae. The genital opening in females is found between the tubercles and is indicated by a longitudinal suture in the middle of the eighth abdominal segment. The male genital opening is also found on the ninth abdominal segment. Typically, female pupae and adults are heavier and bigger than males. This key information and pictures will be useful for laboratory studies that perform single pair matings, sex ratios, and other biological experiments.Scientific Research Council of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University (FBA) [394]The author thanks James L. Nation Sr. for his useful suggestions on the earlier version of the manuscript. The author is grateful to Dr Fatih Dagli and Elvan Sert for providing the small laboratory colony of the tomato leafminer. This research was supported in part by the Scientific Research Council of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University (FBA-2014/Project No. 394)
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