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Epilepsie de l'enfant au Gabon : Aspects socioculturels et thérapeutiques
Get PDFEpilepsy occurs at any age, but the causes, clinical manifestations, complications and social impact, depend on the age of the subjects. In Sub-Saharan Africa epidemiological data, data on enrollment and the impact of the child's epilepsy are difficult to access. To assess the socio-cultural and therapeutic aspects of the child's epilepsy in Gabon, we conducted a review of the literature on child epilepsy in SSA and two cross-sectional surveys, one on knowledge, attitudes, practices and socio-cultural representations of childhood epilepsy in teachers and health workers, the other on the impact of epilepsy on the children with epilepsy and their parent. In SSA, the data on child epilepsy drowned in studies extended to the general community. The prevalence of childhood epilepsy varies from 2.04 to 297/1000 and its incidence from 17 to 930/100.000 person-years. Perinatal factors, febrile seizures and infectious factors are most described while genetic factors remain poorly studied. The care of the child remains limited due to the lack of human resources, diagnostic means and access to AEDs but also because of the persistence of prejudices and negative beliefs about epilepsy commonly found in teachers, school children and in the community. Children with epilepsy are a source of anxiety, disruption of socio-professional and academic activities for parents and their siblings. The surveys found a low level of knowledge, persistence of negative beliefs, including those that consider epilepsy as a contagious or communicable disease, psychiatric illness or mental retardation or a supernatural disease. These considerations found in urban and rural areas could be explained by the cultural conception of epilepsy that links the disease to an external cause, to an animal, or an evil spirit. In rural areas, children usually have no medical advice, but enrollment is still above 50% regardless of their living environment. Non-enrollment is related to comorbidities, the refractory attitude of parents and some school heads. Anxiety, behavioral disorders, cognitive disorders and disorders of sociability remain high. The quality of life of epileptic children's parents is impaired. This work will be extended to other areas to include more children with epilepsy and build a cohort. This cohort will be used to assess the attributable fraction of infections (including that of severe malaria) in the occurrence of epilepsy; to assess the stigma of epileptic children and their parents and to implement the therapeutic education programs and health promotion with families, teachers and health workers.L’épilepsie survient à tout âge, mais les causes, l’expression clinique, les complications et le retentissement social, sont fonction de l’âge des sujets. En Afrique subsaharienne, les données épidémiologiques, les données portant sur la scolarisation et le retentissement de l’épilepsie de l’enfant sont peu accessibles. Afin d’évaluer les aspects socioculturels et thérapeutiques de l’épilepsie de l’enfant au Gabon, nous avons réalisé une revue de la littérature sur l’épilepsie de l’enfant en Afrique subsaharienne et deux enquêtes transversales, l’une sur les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques et les représentations socioculturelles de l’épilepsie de l’enfant auprès des enseignants et des personnels de santé, l’autre sur la qualité de vie des enfants souffrant d’épilepsie et de leurs parents. En Afrique subsaharienne, les données sur l’épilepsie de l’enfant sont diluées dans les études étendues à la population entière. La prévalence de l’épilepsie de l’enfant varie de 2 à 297 ‰ et son incidence de 17 à 930 / 100 000 personnes-années. Les facteurs périnataux, les crises fébriles et les facteurs infectieux sont les plus décrits alors que les facteurs génétiques demeurent peu étudiés. La prise en charge de l’enfant reste limitée à cause de l’insuffisance des ressources humaines, des moyens diagnostics et de l’accès aux traitements antiépileptiques mais aussi à cause de la persistance des préjugés et des croyances négatives sur l’épilepsie communément retrouvées parmi les enseignants, les enfants en âge scolaire et dans la population. Les enfants épileptiques sont une source d’angoisse, de perturbations socioprofessionnelles et scolaires pour leurs parents et de leur fratrie. Les enquêtes ont retrouvé un niveau de connaissance bas, une persistance de croyances négatives, notamment celles qui considèrent l’épilepsie comme une affection contagieuse ou transmissible, une maladie psychiatrique ou un retard mental ou encore une maladie surnaturelle. Ces considérations rencontrées indifféremment en milieu urbain ou rural semblent tenir leur explication dans la conception culturelle de l’épilepsie qui renvoie cette maladie à une cause extérieure ; un animal ou un mauvais esprit. En milieu rural, les enfants n’ont généralement pas d’avis médical, mais la scolarisation reste supérieure à 50 % indépendamment de leur milieu de vie. La non-scolarisation est liée aux comorbidités, à l’attitude réfractaire des parents et de certains chefs d’établissements scolaires. L’anxiété, les troubles du comportement, les troubles cognitifs et les troubles de la sociabilité restent élevés. La qualité de vie des parents de l’enfant épileptique est altérée. Ce travail sera étendu à d’autres localités du Gabon pour inclure plus d’enfants épileptiques et mettre en place une cohorte. Cette cohorte pourra servir à l’évaluation de la fraction attribuable des infections (notamment celle du paludisme grave) dans la survenue de l’épilepsie ; l’évaluation du stigma chez l’enfant épileptique et leurs parents et à la mise en place de programmes d’éducation thérapeutique et de promotion de la santé auprès des familles, des enseignants et des personnels de santé
Sociocultural and therapeutic aspects of the childhood epilepsy in Gabon
No full textL’épilepsie survient à tout âge, mais les causes, l’expression clinique, les complications et le retentissement social, sont fonction de l’âge des sujets. En Afrique subsaharienne, les données épidémiologiques, les données portant sur la scolarisation et le retentissement de l’épilepsie de l’enfant sont peu accessibles. Afin d’évaluer les aspects socioculturels et thérapeutiques de l’épilepsie de l’enfant au Gabon, nous avons réalisé une revue de la littérature sur l’épilepsie de l’enfant en Afrique subsaharienne et deux enquêtes transversales, l’une sur les connaissances, attitudes et pratiques et les représentations socioculturelles de l’épilepsie de l’enfant auprès des enseignants et des personnels de santé, l’autre sur la qualité de vie des enfants souffrant d’épilepsie et de leurs parents. En Afrique subsaharienne, les données sur l’épilepsie de l’enfant sont diluées dans les études étendues à la population entière. La prévalence de l’épilepsie de l’enfant varie de 2 à 297 ‰ et son incidence de 17 à 930 / 100 000 personnes-années. Les facteurs périnataux, les crises fébriles et les facteurs infectieux sont les plus décrits alors que les facteurs génétiques demeurent peu étudiés. La prise en charge de l’enfant reste limitée à cause de l’insuffisance des ressources humaines, des moyens diagnostics et de l’accès aux traitements antiépileptiques mais aussi à cause de la persistance des préjugés et des croyances négatives sur l’épilepsie communément retrouvées parmi les enseignants, les enfants en âge scolaire et dans la population. Les enfants épileptiques sont une source d’angoisse, de perturbations socioprofessionnelles et scolaires pour leurs parents et de leur fratrie. Les enquêtes ont retrouvé un niveau de connaissance bas, une persistance de croyances négatives, notamment celles qui considèrent l’épilepsie comme une affection contagieuse ou transmissible, une maladie psychiatrique ou un retard mental ou encore une maladie surnaturelle. Ces considérations rencontrées indifféremment en milieu urbain ou rural semblent tenir leur explication dans la conception culturelle de l’épilepsie qui renvoie cette maladie à une cause extérieure ; un animal ou un mauvais esprit. En milieu rural, les enfants n’ont généralement pas d’avis médical, mais la scolarisation reste supérieure à 50 % indépendamment de leur milieu de vie. La non-scolarisation est liée aux comorbidités, à l’attitude réfractaire des parents et de certains chefs d’établissements scolaires. L’anxiété, les troubles du comportement, les troubles cognitifs et les troubles de la sociabilité restent élevés. La qualité de vie des parents de l’enfant épileptique est altérée. Ce travail sera étendu à d’autres localités du Gabon pour inclure plus d’enfants épileptiques et mettre en place une cohorte. Cette cohorte pourra servir à l’évaluation de la fraction attribuable des infections (notamment celle du paludisme grave) dans la survenue de l’épilepsie ; l’évaluation du stigma chez l’enfant épileptique et leurs parents et à la mise en place de programmes d’éducation thérapeutique et de promotion de la santé auprès des familles, des enseignants et des personnels de santé.Epilepsy occurs at any age, but the causes, clinical manifestations, complications and social impact, depend on the age of the subjects. In Sub-Saharan Africa epidemiological data, data on enrollment and the impact of the child's epilepsy are difficult to access. To assess the socio-cultural and therapeutic aspects of the child's epilepsy in Gabon, we conducted a review of the literature on child epilepsy in SSA and two cross-sectional surveys, one on knowledge, attitudes, practices and socio-cultural representations of childhood epilepsy in teachers and health workers, the other on the impact of epilepsy on the children with epilepsy and their parent. In SSA, the data on child epilepsy drowned in studies extended to the general community. The prevalence of childhood epilepsy varies from 2.04 to 297/1000 and its incidence from 17 to 930/100.000 person-years. Perinatal factors, febrile seizures and infectious factors are most described while genetic factors remain poorly studied. The care of the child remains limited due to the lack of human resources, diagnostic means and access to AEDs but also because of the persistence of prejudices and negative beliefs about epilepsy commonly found in teachers, school children and in the community. Children with epilepsy are a source of anxiety, disruption of socio-professional and academic activities for parents and their siblings. The surveys found a low level of knowledge, persistence of negative beliefs, including those that consider epilepsy as a contagious or communicable disease, psychiatric illness or mental retardation or a supernatural disease. These considerations found in urban and rural areas could be explained by the cultural conception of epilepsy that links the disease to an external cause, to an animal, or an evil spirit. In rural areas, children usually have no medical advice, but enrollment is still above 50% regardless of their living environment. Non-enrollment is related to comorbidities, the refractory attitude of parents and some school heads. Anxiety, behavioral disorders, cognitive disorders and disorders of sociability remain high. The quality of life of epileptic children's parents is impaired. This work will be extended to other areas to include more children with epilepsy and build a cohort. This cohort will be used to assess the attributable fraction of infections (including that of severe malaria) in the occurrence of epilepsy; to assess the stigma of epileptic children and their parents and to implement the therapeutic education programs and health promotion with families, teachers and health workers
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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