1,720,967 research outputs found
Entrainment and mixing in unsteady gravity currents
No full textEntrainment and mixing in lock-exchange gravity currents are investigated by large eddy simulations. Nine cases are analysed, varying the initial excess density driving the motion and the aspect ratio r of the initial water depth to the lock length. Laboratory experiments are also performed and a fair agreement between numerical simulations and measurements is found. Mixing between the gravity current and the ambient fluid, in both the slumping and self-similar phases, is studied for a range of entrainment parameters, gravity current fractional area and using an energy budget method. The entrainment is found to increase as r decreases. The occurrence of irreversible mixing is detected during the entire development of the flow, i.e. both in the slumping and self-similar phases. A higher amount of mixing is observed as r decreases and the initial excess density increases
Axisymmetric three-dimensional gravity currents generated by lock exchange
Full text linkUnconfined three-dimensional gravity currents generated by lock exchange using a small dividing gate in a sufficiently large tank are investigated by means of large eddy simulations under the Boussinesq approximation, with Grashof numbers varying over five orders of magnitudes. The study shows that, after an initial transient, the flow can be separated into an axisymmetric expansion and a globally translating motion. In particular, the circular frontline spreads like a constant-flow-rate, axially symmetric gravity current about a virtual source translating along the symmetry axis. The flow is characterised by the presence of lobe and cleft instabilities and hydrodynamic shocks. Depending on the Grashof number, the shocks can either be isolated or produced continuously. In the latter case a typical ring structure is visible in the density and velocity fields. The analysis of the frontal spreading of the axisymmetric part of the current indicates the presence of three regimes, namely, a slumping phase, an inertial-buoyancy equilibrium regime and a viscous-buoyancy equilibrium regime. The viscous-buoyancy phase is in good agreement with the model of Huppert (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 121, 1982, pp. 43-58), while the inertial phase is consistent with the experiments of Britter (Atmos. Environ., vol. 13, 1979, pp. 1241-1247), conducted for purely axially symmetric, constant inflow, gravity currents. The adoption of the slumping model of Huppert & Simpson (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 99 (04), 1980, pp. 785-799), which is here extended to the case of constant-flow-rate cylindrical currents, allows reconciling of the different theories about the initial radial spreading in the context of different asymptotic regimes. As expected, the slumping phase is governed by the Froude number at the lock's gate, whereas the transition to the viscous phase depends on both the Froude number at the gate and the Grashof number. The identification of the inertial-buoyancy regime in the presence of hydrodynamic shocks for this class of flows is important, due to the lack of analytical solutions for the similarity problem in the framework of shallow water theory. This fact has considerably slowed the research on variable-flow-rate axisymmetric gravity currents, as opposed to the rapid development of the knowledge about cylindrical constant-volume and planar gravity currents, despite their own environmental relevance
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Full text linkThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Full text link“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Density currents flowing up a slope
No full textThe dynamics of lock-release density currents propagating up a sloping bottom are investigated by Large Eddy Simulations (LES). The flow dynamics are deduced by the analysis of the density and velocity fields obtained by LES.The density current, during its propagation, is observed to develop different flowregimes: a slumping phase followed by a self-similar phase. A decrease in the velocities of the current is observed with the increase of the angle between the bottom boundary and the horizontal direction, Θ.A smoother behaviour of the current profile is also visible for high values of Θ. The presence of a backward flow close to the bottom of the domain is detected and it is found to depend on the inclination of the bottom Θ.An accumulation of dense fluid in the lock region of the tank caused by the reverse flow is also observed. Entrainment processes occurring between the ambient fluid and the dense current are observed and investigated. In particular, during the propagation of the current, light ambient fluid is entrained by the dense current, which increases in volume. It is found that the entrainment is affected by the inclination of the bottom and, in particular, a decrease of the entrainment with the increase of the steepness of the bottom is observed
LES investigation on entrainment in gravity currents
No full textLarge Eddy Simulations are used to investigate the dynamics of gravity currents produced by the lock-release technique. Three simulations are carried out varying the initial reduced gravity of the lock fluid. The gravity currents develop two different flow regimes, a slumping phase followed by a self-similar phase, in agreement with the shallow water theory. When the dense fluid is released, a gravity current forms and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities develop at the interface between the two fluids, causing entrainment of ambient fluid. Two entrainment parameters, a bulk and a local one, are evaluated from an analysis of the instantaneous increase in volume of the gravity current. Entrainment of ambient fluid is found to occur in both the slumping and the self-similar phases. The analysis of the local entrainment parameter shows the determinant role of Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities in the entrainment dynamics and mixing
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Full text linkWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Full text linkWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
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