5 research outputs found
Ketahanan Aksesi Kapas terhadap Hama Pengisap Daun, Amrasca biguttula (ISHIDA)
Get PDFAmrasca biguttula (Ishida) adalah salah satu hama utama kapas di Indonesia. Nimfa dan dewasanya meru-sak dengan cara mengisap cairan daun yang menyebabkan gejala seperti terbakar, kekeringan, dan gugur. Pengendalian hama ini semakin sulit karena terjadinya resistensi dan resurgensi hama akibat penggunaan insektisida kimia sintetis yang kurang bijaksana. Berkaitan dengan ketahanan terhadap A. biguttula, karakter morfologi tanaman kapas, khususnya trikom daun memegang peranan penting dalam mekanisme ketahan-an. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh aksesi-aksesi kapas yang tahan terhadap A. biguttula. Pene-litian evaluasi ketahanan plasma nutfah kapas terhadap A. biguttula (Ishida) dilakukan di KP Asembagus, Si-tubondo, mulai Januari hingga Desember 2008. Sebanyak 50 aksesi kapas digunakan sebagai perlakuan yang disusun dalam rancangan acak kelompok (RAK), dengan tiga kali ulangan. Ukuran plot perlakuan 10 m x 3 m, dengan jarak tanam 100 cm x 25 cm, satu tanaman per lubang. Parameter yang diamati adalah: po-pulasi nimfa A. biguttula, tingkat kerusakan tanaman, dan karakter trikom daun yang meliputi: kerapatan, panjang, dan posisi trikom. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kerapatan trikom daun berhubungan de-ngan ketahanan terhadap A. biguttula. Aksesi dengan kerapatan trikom daun yang tinggi lebih tahan ter-hadap serangan A. biguttula dibanding aksesi dengan sedikit trikom atau tidak bertrikom. SK 32, LAXMI, dan SK 14 adalah aksesi kapas yang tahan terhadap serangan A. biguttula, sedangkan SATU 65, LASANI 1, G-cot-10, SAMARU 70, NH4, L 18, dan NIAB adalah aksesi-aksesi dengan tingkat ketahanan sedang (moderat). Selain itu, aksesi yang termasuk sangat rentan adalah: Stoneville 825, 7042-5W-79N, 1073-16-6x491L-619-4-77, dan M35-5-8, sementara aksesi lainnya termasuk rentan terhadap serangan. Terdapat korelasi negatif antara kerapatan trikom daun dan populasi nimfa (Y=-170,8x + 296,6; R2 = 0,414) dan antara kerapatan trikom daun dan tingkat/skor kerusakan tanaman (Y=-0,005x + 2,916; R2 = 0,622). Se-dangkan korelasi positif terjadi antara populasi nimfa dan tingkat/skor kerusakan tanaman (Y=0,469x – 0,071; R2 = 0,672). The cotton jassid, Amrasca biguttula (Ishida) is a key pest of cotton in Indonesia. The nymphs and adults suck the leaves resulting in hopperburn, drying, and shedding of leaves. The management of this pest is more difficult due to the insect resistance to chemical insecticides and resurgence caused by unwise applications of synthetic insecticides. Related to jassid resistance, morphology of cotton mainly hairiness of leaf, plays an important role in mechanism on the plant resistance. The objective of the study was to screen a large number of cotton accessions for susceptible or resistant to A. biguttula. The study was conducted at Asembagus Experimental Station from January to December 2008. Fifty accessions of cotton were planted in 10 m x 3 m of plot size with 100 cm x 25 cm of plant distance. All accessions were designed in randomized block with three replications. Each plot consists of two rows cotton accession and one row susceptible varie-ty, TAMCOT SP 37 as a attractant plant. Parameters observed were nymph population, plant damage, tri-chome characters and its density, length, and position on the leaf lamina. Results showed that cotton acces-sions with higher trichome density were more resistant to jassid compared to the less trichome of accession. SK 32, LAXMI, and SK 14 were more resistant accession to A. biguttula, while SATU 65, LASANI 1, G-cot-10, SAMARU 70, NH4, L 18, and NIAB were categorized as intermediate resistant accessions to the pest. Sto-neville 825, 7042-5W-79N, 1073-16-6x491L-619-4-77, and M35-5-8 were found as the most susceptible to A. biguttula. Negative correlation was occured between trichome density and nymph population (Y=-170,8x + 296,6; R2 = 0,414) and between trichome density and damage score (Y=-0,005x + 2,916; R2 = 0,622), while positive correlation was found between nymph population and damage score (Y=0,469x – 0,071; R2 = 0,672)
Potensi Nematoda Patogen Serangga Steinernema spp. dalam Pengendalian Hama Utama Tanaman Kapas
Get PDFSteinernema spp. memiliki potensi untuk mengendalikan hama tanaman kapas seperti Helicoverpa armigera dan Pectinophora gossypiella. Steinernema spp. mampu menyebabkan mortalitas P. gossypiella dan H. armi-gera berturut-turut sebesar 31,6–55,4 dan 46,3–63,8%. Steinernema spp. memiliki kemampuan membunuh lebih baik pada P. gossypiella, sedangkan kemampuan reproduksi dalam inangnya lebih baik pada H. armi-gera. Steinernema spp. mampu menginfeksi serangga inang lebih baik pada stadium ulat lebih tua diban-dingkan stadium muda. Steinernema spp. dapat diproduksi secara in vivo dan in vitro. Produksi secara in vivo dapat menggunakan Tenebrio molitor, Tirathaba rufivena, dan Attacus atlas. Produksi secara in vitro dapat menggunakan usus ayam, lemak sapi, dan minyak kedelai. Perlu dikembangkan formulasi Steinerne-ma spp. yang murah dan efektif untuk mengendalikan hama di atas permukaan tanah. Selain itu diperlukan pencarian isolat Steinernema spp. yang virulen dan cepat membunuh hama sasaran. Steinernema spp. could be potentially used for controlling H. armigera and P. gossypiella on cotton. Steiner-nema spp. causes mortality on P. gossypiella and H. armigera 31,6–55,4 and 46,3–63,8% respectively. The nematode causes a higher mortality on P. gossypiella than on H. armigera, however, produces more juvenile infective on H. armigera than on P. gossypiella. Higher successful infections of Steinernema spp. occurs on late larval stadium than on early one. Production of Steinernema spp. can be in vivo using Tenebrio molitor, Tirathaba rufivena, and Attacus atlas; and in vitro using chicken intestinum, cow lipid, and soy bean oil. For effecttively use, this nematode need to be formulated especially for controlling insect pests on soil surface, as well as finding the more virulent isolates against the target insects
Keefektifan Nematoda Patogen Serangga Steinernema sp. Terhadap Achaea janata L., Serangga Pemakan Daun Jarak Kepyar (Ricinus communis)
No full textPenggunaan pestisida kimia yang cukup tinggi pada akhir-akhir ini telah menimbulkan dampak negatif ter-hadap lingkungan, sehingga pengendalian hama yang ramah lingkungan sangat diperlukan. Saat ini, peng-gunaan nematoda entomopatogen terutama Steinernema sp., membuka peluang untuk digunakan sebagai pengendalian Achaea janata. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui keefektifan Steinernema sp. ter-hadap A. Janata , dilaksanakan di laboratorium patologi serangga Balai Penelitan Tanaman Pemanis dan Serat pada bulan Maret sampai dengan Agustus 2011. Penelitian menggunakan rancanagan acak lengkap (RAL) dengan empat ulangan. Setiap ulangan menggunakan 25 larva A. janata instar 2. Larva diekspose de-ngan berbagai variasi konsentrasi Steinernema sp. dan kematian larva diamati setiap hari sampai 120 jam setelah infeksi. Konsentrasi Steinernema sp. yang digunakan adalah 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, dan 400 JI/larva. Hasil penelitian pemberian Steinernema sp. pada konsentrasi 200, 300, dan 400 JI/larva cukup efektif untuk membunuh A. janata dengan persentase berkisar antara 80–94% mulai 48–120 jam setelah perlakuan. Se-makin tinggi konsentrasi nematoda, semakin tinggi mortalitas A. janata. Steinernema sp. dengan konsen-trasi 400 JI/larva paling efektif membunuh larva, menurunkan bobot larva, bobot pupa, jumlah telur yang dihasilkan, dan fertilitas telur. High intensity of chemical pesticide application has become a serious concern of environmentalists in recent years, because of various negative impacts of it. Therefore, environmentally friendly techniques of controlling insect pest are needed. Recently, the use of entomopathogenic nematodes, especially Steinernema sp., has created new possibilities of promising control techniques against insect pests. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Steinernema sp. to A. janata larvae in laboratory. This research was conducted at the Laboratory of Insect Pathology Laboratory of Indonesian Sweetener and Fiber Crops Research Insti-tute from March to August 2011. Tests used the 2nd stage larvae of Achaea janata, the leaf eater of castor (Ricinus communis). Treatment arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with 4 replicates. For each test used 25 larvae which were exposed to various concentrations of Steinernema sp. Concentration of Steinernema sp. used was 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, and 400 infective juvenile/larvae. Daily mortality A. janata larvae, larval and pupal weight, the number of eggs laid, and number of hatch eggs were recorded. Steinernema sp. on concentration of 200; 300; and 400 IJ/larvae was effective to cause mortality of A. janata larvae (80–94% mortality after 48–120 hours). The higher the concentration of the nematode the higher larval mortality. Steinernema sp. with concentration of 400 IJ/ larvae was effective decreasing larval and pupal weight, the number of eggs laid, and fertility of the eggs produced
PENGARUH KOMPOSISI MEDIA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN JAMUR Nomuraea rileyi (FARLOW) SAMSON DAN PATOGENISITASNYA PADA Helicoverpa armigera HUBNER DAN Spodoptera litura F.
Get PDFABSTRAKNomuraea rileyi adalah salah satu jamur entomopatogen yangpotensial mengendalikan hama Helicoverpa armigera dan Spodopteralitura pada tanaman kapas, tembakau, dan jarak kepyar. Di lapanganpernah ditemukan larva hama H. armigera dan S. litura yang terinfeksisecara alami oleh N. rileyi yang mengindikasikan bahwa N. rileyiberpotensi sebagai agens hayati. Sebelum N. rileyi dikembangkan sebagaiagens hayati, maka perlu diketahui metode perbanyakannya pada mediabuatan. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui komposisi media tumbuhyang sesuai untuk perbanyakan N. rileyi dan pengujian patogenisitasnyaterhadap H. armigera dan S. litura. Penelitian dilakukan di LaboratoriumFitopatologi dan Laboratorium Patogen Serangga Balai PenelitianTanaman Tembakau dan Serat Malang mulai bulan Mei sampai denganNovember 2009. Penelitian ini terdiri atas 2 pengujian, yaitu pengujiankarakter biologi N. rileyi dan patogenisitas pada ulat H. armigera dan S.litura. Dalam pengujian karakter biologi jamur diuji 4 macam mediaperbanyakan, yaitu: (1) Sabouraud maltose agar + ekstrak yeast (SMAY),(2) Sabouraud maltose agar + ekstrak yeast + ekstrak beras (SMAYB), (3)Sabouraud maltose agar + ekstrak yeast + ekstrak kentang (SMAYK), dan(4) Media lengkap untuk N. rileyi (MLNr), serta 2 tingkat suhu inkubasi,yaitu 23±1 dan 27±1ºC. Perlakuan disusun dalam rancangan acak lengkap(RAL) dengan lima kali ulangan. Setiap media disiapkan di dalam 10cawan petri per perlakuan dan masing-masing diinokulasi dengan 10 5konidia/ml. Parameter yang diamati adalah laju pertumbuhan jamur danproduksi konidia. Sedangkan dalam pengujian patogenisitas konidia N.rileyi terhadap larva H. armigera dan S. litura dilakukan dengan metodepelumuran (painting), yaitu ulat diletakkan di atas konidia di dalam cawanpetri selama ± 10 detik kemudian dipindahkan ke vial-vial plastikberdiameter 2,5 cm berisi pakan daun kapas muda (± 1 cm 2 ) untuk H.armigera dan daun jarak kepyar untuk S. litura. Apabila pakan daun telahhabis, serangga diberi pakan buatan berbahan dasar tepung kedelai. Pakanbuatan diganti setiap 2 hari sampai ulat menjadi pupa. Selanjutnya ulatyang telah diperlakukan dengan jamur diinkubasi-kan pada suhu ruang(27°-29°C) selama ± 14 hari dan diamati perkembangan ulat maupunjamurnya setiap hari. Parameter yang diamati adalah mortalitas ulat H.armigera dan S. litura serta gejala mikosis pada ulat terinfeksi. Hasilpenelitian menunjukkan bahwa suhu inkubasi berpengaruh terhadap lajupertumbuhan N. rileyi. Pada suhu 23±1ºC N. rileyi tumbuh lebih cepat(7,42-8,23 mm/hari) pada semua komposisi media yang diuji (SMAY,SMAYK, SMAYB, dan MLNr) dibanding pada suhu 27±1ºC (0,99-1,26mm/hari). Produksi konidia N. rileyi lebih banyak pada suhu 27±1ºCdibanding pada 23 ± 1ºC, yaitu berturut-turut 24,7 x 10 8 konidia/ml dan17,9 x 10 8 konidia/ml masing-masing pada media SMAYK dan MLNr.Perbedaan komposisi media tumbuh tidak menyebabkan penurunanpatogenisitas pada konidia N. rileyi sebab mortalitas ulat H. armigeramaupun S. litura masing-masing mencapai 100%. Hasil penelitianmengindikasikan bahwa N. rileyi mudah diperbanyak secara massal padamedium agar dan virulensinya baik pada H. armigera dan S. litura.Kata kunci : Nomuraea rileyi, epizootik, Helicoverpa armigera,Spodoptera litura, konidia, patogenisitas, mortalitasABSTRACTEffect of medium composition on growth of entomo-pathogenic fungi Nomuraea rileyi (Farlow) Samson andits pathogenicity against Helicoverpa armigera andSpodoptera lituraN. rileyi is one of potential entomopathogenic fungi to controlcotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, tobacco and Rhicinus caterpilar,Spodoptera litura. These fungi naturally infect those insect pests indicatingtheir potential to be used as natural control agent. Techniques of in vitroproduction of these fungi need to be developed to find out their potentialagainst the insect target. Study on effect of medium composition ongrowth of entomopathogenic fungi N. rileyi and its pathogenicity againstH. armigera and S. litura was carried out at Phytopathology and InsectPathology Laboratories of Indonesian Tobacco and Fiber Crops ResearchInstitute (IToFCRI) from May to November 2009. The objective of thestudy was to find out the suitable composition of medium for N. rileyi andits pathogenicity against H. armigera and S. litura. The study consisted oftwo tests. The first test was testing for biological characters, namely invitro growth rate and conidia production of N. rileyi on four differentcompositions of medium as followed: (1) Sabouraud maltose agar + yeastextract (SMAY), (2) Sabouraud maltose agar + yeast extract + rice extract(SMAYR), (3) Sabouraud maltose agar + yeast extract + potato extract(SMAYP), and (4) Completed medium for N. rileyi (MLNr). Alltreatments were designed in randomized complete design (RCD) with fivereplicates. Parameters observed were the growth rate of N. rileyi andconidia production. The second was testing on pathogenicity of N. rileyiproduced from all medium tested against H. armigera and S. litura larvae.Result showed that incubation temperature influenced the growth rate offungi. N. rileyi grew faster at 23±1ºC (7.42-8.23 mm/day) than that at27±1ºC (0.99-1.26 mm/day) on all media tested. Conidia production washigher at 27±1ºC than at 23±1ºC. Both SMAYP and MLNr were the bestmedia for producing N. rileyi conidia, which were 24.7 and 17.9 x 10 8conidia/ml, respectively. Pathogenicity of N. rileyi against H. armigeraand S. litura was not affected by composition of medium tested becausethe larval mortality of both insect pests was 100%. This study indicatedthat N. rileyi can be easily produced massively on agar media and it isvirulent against H. armigera and S. litura.Key words : Nomuraea rileyi, Helicoverpa armigera, Spodoptera litura,conidia, in vitro, pathogenicity, mortality, epizooti
EXPERIMENTATION OF MANGO LEAF EXTRACT (MANGIFERA INDICA L.) FOR NATURAL DYE MATERIALS FOR BATIK FABRICS
Get PDFThe use of natural dyes is an effort to reduce the impact of environmental pollution on the production process of batik that uses synthetic colors. This experimental study aims to explore the stages and results of the natural color dyeing of mango leaf extract by using different fixator variables and batting processes. Batik cloth is dyed three times in a solution of mango leaf extract as a dependent variable, then fixed with a lime solution (Ca(OH)2), an alum solution (Al2(SO4)3K2SO424H2O) and a ferrous sulfate solution (FeSO4.7H2O) as an independent variable. Results of the study: 1) The stages of the process of dyeing plain and patterned batik cloth with Mango Gedong Lip Batik leaf extract with a fixator of lime solution, alum, and ferrous sulfate solution are carried out through the following stages: processing the fabric and dye of mango leaf extract, writing motifs with canting caps, dipping batik fabric, fixing batik fabrics with fixators, and releasing wax from batik fabric; 2) The results of dyeing plain and patterned batik cloth with Gedong Gincu Mango leaf extracts with lime solution fixators tend to be brown; alum fixation produces original colors; and ferrous sulfate fixators produce colors that tend to be blackish-green. The dyeing results on plain batik fabrics have stronger color intensity than the dyeing results on patterned batik fabrics because they undergo the nglorod process (separation of batik wax from batik fabric) with hot water added with sodium carbonate auxiliary substances (Na2CO3). Research recommends that artisans utilize plant waste to promote the green industry
