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<Notes>Incidents of Arson, Tsukebi, Following Peasant Ikki and Local Social Order during the Transition to the Modern Period : The Case of Aso-gun in Kumamoto Prefecture
No full textResearch on people's movements in early modern and modern Japan is a field of history that boasts a vast number of research studies that have been composed from the pre-war period until today. Nevertheless, in comparison to studies dealing with the movements themselves such as ikki and popular disturbances, the number of studies focusing on the situation after an ikki or similar event had subsided has been extremely limited. In this article, I consider the problem of how order in villages and local societies that had been shattered in ikki and similar events was restored and reorganized, chiefly examining the character of a local society after an ikki. The specific object of my analysis is Aso county in Kumamoto prefecture, where a large scale peasant ikki (known as the Asoikki) occurred in Meiji 10 (1877). First, I elucidate the circumstances of local society immediately after the ikki had subsided and the nature of the frequent incidents of arson, tsukebi, that occurred during the period. Next, I trace the process of reorganization of local society during the period of transition from the early modern to the modern period and consider the historical significance thereof. This effort will likely be significant in producing a portrait of a local society that showed 'continuity' before and after the ikki. In addition, regarding recent studies of acts of arson during the period of transition to modernity, there has been a tendency to emphasize its 'deviation' from modern people's movements and its 'violence, ' but in this article I make a critical evaluation of this position by carefully examining the reality of tsukebi. In Aso-gun immediately after the ikki had subsided, the situation remained unstable as many village officials who had been harmed during the ikki hoped to resign their posts and the wealthy class who had also suffered injury were unable to return to their homes. Furthermore, when the authorities began arrests for participation in the ikki, inexplicable fires (tsukebi) targeting the homes of village officials and the wealthy class frequently erupted thereafter and lasted for more than a year. As such tsukebi had seldom been seen prior or during the Aso ikki, they indicate a strong dissatisfaction with government authorities and those associated with them and also a demand on the wealthy for a social restoration of the wealth of local society. However, these tsukebi that seem at first glance to be "deviant acts" that departed from the modern people's movement that had grown orderly, were not intended to incite violence or cause bodily harm as the sites (stables) that are thought to be the origin of the fires were spatially removed from the living space, the moya, and they instead showed consideration for human life and their character was that of a check on local society. Thereafter, the wealthy who had suffered from the tsukebi and the Aso ikki became actively involved restoring social wealth in projects to help the poor and the like in local society after the ikki. On the other hand, the middle and lower class members who had once been the leaders of the ikki made a political return with the development of the local legislatures under the new system of three branches of government where they opposed the wealthy in the legislative arena. Moreover, in the latter half of the decade of Meiji 10, public school education was promoted with the cooperation of wealthy and middle and lower class in Aso-gun, the productive sectors shared many burdens for the benefit of all in local society, and the modern social order of productive classes began to function and became fixed. With the abolition of feudal domains as a result of the Meiji Restoration, restraints on 'private desire' of the wealthy class were loosened for a time, but with the experience of the Aso ikki and the tsukebi immediately thereafter, the wealthy class recognized the importance of justice and social restoration of wealth in local society and thereafter their actions became more restrained. It can be surmised that the so-called "moderation" of local society, whose core was the wealthy class, continued at least until the end of the First World War. In short, although peasant ikki had met with "defeat" and thereafter ikki like movements become impossible after Meiji 10, it was clearly not the case that an overbearing rule by the wealthy "victors'" over local society had become possible. Under the people's movement in which tsukebi lingered in latent form after the ikki, the wealthy class had to learn to act as "distinguished leading families" in local society
<Articles>Officials, Kan, and the Populace, Min, and Regional Assets during the Period of Transition to the Modern Period : The Case of the Territory of the Kumamoto Domain
No full text本稿では、一九世紀の藩領国下で形成された地域資産の歴史的変遷について、能本藩領を事例に、近代移行期地域社会論の観点から分析した。一九世紀の熊本藩領では、会所官銭などの民政基金・備荒貯蓄が百姓の雑税から形成され、藩の中間支配機構(手永) で巨額の資産形成が進められていた。雑税の徴収は下層民に重い負担を強いる側面も有していたが、会所官銭(郷備金) は農業インフラ整備や貧農の質地請戻しなどに運用され、地域社会の成立を財源面から支えていた。手永住民の民力で形成された資産ゆえに、「官」権力が成立した明治維新後、郷民(旧手永民) による地域資産への民有概念は顕在化し、「大区小区制」期にはその帰属をめぐって官民は地方民会・農民一揆などの場で激しく対立する。その結果、三新法体制では郷民による郷備金の自主的管理が認められ、以後の地域資産は地域社会のインフラ基盤形成(水利土木・教育・医療など) を支える存在となっていった。In this article I use the case of the Kumamoto domain to analyze the historical changes in regional assets under domainal rule in the 19th century from the theoretical perspective of the study of local societies in the period of transition to the modern era. Within the Kumamoto domain in the 19th century civilian administrative funds, such as the Kaishohkansen (会所官銭), which were set aside for emergencies, were formed from the miscellaneous taxes collected from the farmers, and a large asset accumulation was advanced by the tenaga (手永), an organization of middle-ranking members of the ruling class of the domain. The collection of miscellaneous taxes imposed a heavy burden on the lower levels of the populace, but the Kaisyokansen (or Goubikin 郷備金) was employed for the maintenance of agriculture infrastructure and the recovery of land pawned by poor farmers and thus financially supported the formation of local society. Because these assets grew out of the strength of the people of the tenaga, after the Meiji Restoration, which was established through the power of the officials, kan, the concept of private ownership of regional assets by the people of the district (formerly the residents of the tenaga) became increasingly apparent. During the period of the "large-and-small-district system, " when local assemblies were being established, there was intense conflict between officials and the populace in places such as regional assemblies and in peasant revolts over to whom regional assets belonged. As a result, voluntary management of the Goubikin by local residents was recognized by the new system of three legal codes, and thereafter regional assets came to support the formation of basic infrastructure (water works/ education/ medical care) of local society
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
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