1,736,669 research outputs found
Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Germany 2013 [electronic resource] /
No full textSince the IEA last reviewed Germany’s energy policies in 2007, the country has taken two fundamental policy decisions that will guide its energy policy in coming decades. In September 2010, the federal government adopted the Energy Concept, a comprehensive new strategy for a long-term integrated energy pathway to 2050. Following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in March 2011, Germany decided to accelerate the phase-out of nuclear power by 2022 starting with the immediate closure of the eight oldest plants. This decision resulted in the adoption of a new suite of policy measures, determined renewable energy as the cornerstone of future energy supply, a set of policy instruments commonly known as the Energiewende. In order to achieve the ambitious energy transformation set out in the Energiewende, by 2030 half of all electricity supply will come from renewable energy sources; Germany must continue to develop cost-effective market-based approaches which will support the forecast growth of variable renewable generation. Furthermore, the costs and benefits need to be allocated in a fair and transparent way among all market participants, especially households. Renewable energy capacity must expand alongside the timely development of the transmission and distribution networks. In addition, a stable regulatory system is necessary to ensure long-term finance to network operators. Furthermore, close monitoring of Germany’s ability to meet electricity demand at peak times should continue in the medium term. Energy policy decisions in Germany inevitably have an impact beyond the country’s borders and must be taken within the context of a broader European energy policy framework and in close consultation with its neighbours. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges facing Germany and provides recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future. 1. Executive Summary and Key Recommendations -Executive summary -Key recommendations PART I. POLICY ANALYSIS 2. General Energy Policy -Country overview -Economy -Supply and demand -Institutions -Key policies -Taxation -Energy security -Assessment -Recommendations 3. Energy Efficiency -Overview -Final energy use -Institutions -Policies and measures -Assessment -Recommendations 4. Climate Change -Overview -Targets and objectives -Energy-related CO2 emissions -Trends and projections -Institutions -Policies and measures -Assessment -Recommendations PART II. SECTOR ANALYSIS 5. Natural Gas -Overview -Supply and demand -Natural gas infrastructure -Market structure -Wholesale market and natural gas trading -Retail market and prices -Natural gas security of supply -Data quality -Assessment -Recommendations 6. Oil -Overview -Supply and demand -Industry structure -Refining -Oil supply infrastructure -Emergency preparedness and organisation -Oil demand restraint -Assessment -Recommendations 7. Coal and Carbon Capture and Storage -Overview -Supply and demand -Industry structure -Subsidies for the coal industry -Carbon capture and storage -Assessment -Recommendations 8. Renewable Energy -Overview -Supply and demand -Institutions -Financing of renewable energy -Policies and support measures -Electricty -Heat supply -Assessment -Recommendations 9. Electricity -Overview -Supply and demand -Market design and structure -Wholesale market -Generation adequacy in Germany -Transmission and distribution access -Network development and expansion -Distributed and variable renewable power integration -Electricity security -Retail market and prices -Assessment -Recommendations 10. Nuclear Energy -Overview -Nuclear Industry Structure -Regulation -Assessment -Recommendations PART III. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY 11. Energy Research, Development and Deployment -Overview -Institutions -Energy research priorities and funding -Interministerial research initiatives -International collaboration -Private-sector participation -Assessment -Recommendations PART IV. ANNEXES Annex A: Organisation of the review Annex B: Energy balances and key statistical data Annex C: International Energy Agency “Shared Goals" Annex D: Glossary and list of abbreviations Since the IEA last reviewed Germany’s energy policies in 2007, the country has taken two fundamental policy decisions that will guide its energy policy in coming decades. In September 2010, the federal government adopted the Energy Concept, a comprehensive new strategy for a long-term integrated energy pathway to 2050. Following the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in March 2011, Germany decided to accelerate the phase-out of nuclear power by 2022 starting with the immediate closure of the eight oldest plants. This decision resulted in the adoption of a new suite of policy measures, determined renewable energy as the cornerstone of future energy supply, a set of policy instruments commonly known as the Energiewende. In order to achieve the ambitious energy transformation set out in the Energiewende, by 2030 half of all electricity supply will come from renewable energy sources; Germany must continue to develop cost-effective market-based approaches which will support the forecast growth of variable renewable generation. Furthermore, the costs and benefits need to be allocated in a fair and transparent way among all market participants, especially households. Renewable energy capacity must expand alongside the timely development of the transmission and distribution networks. In addition, a stable regulatory system is necessary to ensure long-term finance to network operators. Furthermore, close monitoring of Germany’s ability to meet electricity demand at peak times should continue in the medium term. Energy policy decisions in Germany inevitably have an impact beyond the country’s borders and must be taken within the context of a broader European energy policy framework and in close consultation with its neighbours. This review analyses the energy-policy challenges facing Germany and provides recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future
Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Finland 2013 [electronic resource] /
No full textFinland’s economy is highly industrialised. Yet with over one-third of its territory located above the Arctic Circle, the country is largely rural and sparsely populated, except for its southern tip. With its energy-intensive industries and its cold climate, Finland’s energy consumption per capita is the highest in the IEA. Finland is highly dependent on imported fossil fuels, and energy policy is at the heart of the government’s concerns. The government’s energy strategy aims to strengthen Finland’s energy security, to move progressively towards a decarbonised economy, and to deepen its integration in the wider European market. Finland has a very ambitious renewable energy programme, with a view to producing 38% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020. Finland is the most forested country in Europe; biomass will thus play a central role in meeting the target Finland is one of few IEA countries with plans to expand its nuclear capacity, and the Parliament has approved the construction of two more nuclear power plants. If all planned projects are completed, the share of electricity produced by nuclear could double by 2025, reaching around 60%. This would contribute to diversifying Finland’s energy security and meeting its low-carbon objectives. Also, Finland participates in the Baltic Energy Market Interconnection Plan (BEMIP), which aims to further regional integration through EU-supported infrastructure projects. This review analyses the energy policy challenges facing Finland, and provides sectoral studies and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future. 1. Executive Summary and Key Recommendations -Executive summary -Key recommendations PART I. POLICY ANALYSIS 2. General Energy Policy -Overview -Supply and demand -Institutions Key policies -Taxation -Assessment -Recommendations 3. Climate Change -GHG emissions and targets -CO2 emissions from fuel combustion -Institutions -Policies and measures -Assessment -Recommendations 4. Energy Efficiency -Overview -Institutions -Policies and measures -Assessment -Recommendations PART II. SECTOR ANALYSIS 5. Oil -Supply, demand and imports -Infrastructure -Retail market structure -Emergency response policy and reserves -Prices and taxes -Assessment -Recommendations 6. Natural Gas -Supply and demand -Regulatory and legal framework -Infrastructure -Security of supply -Supply and retail -Assessment -Recommendations 7. Coal and Peat -Coal -Peat -Assessment -Recommendations 8. Nuclear Energy -Overview -Regulatory framework -Power uprates, safety upgrades and long-term operation -New build: current and planned -Nuclear waste management and funding -Uranium mining -Human resources, education, training and research -Investment framework and tax environment -Assessment -Recommendations 9. Renewable Energy -Supply and demand -Institutions -Policies and measures Assessment -Recommendations 10. Electricity -Supply -Demand -Regulatory and legal framework -Market design and regulation -Industry structure and operations -Networks -Prices and tariffs -Assessment -Recommendations 11. District Heating and Cooling -Supply and demand -Industry structure and legal framework -Assessment -Recommendations PART III. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY 12. Energy Research, Development and Demonstration -Overview -Institutional framework -Policies and programmes -International collaboration -Assessment -Recommendations PART IV. ANNEXES Annex A: Organisation of the review Annex B: Energy balances and key statistical data Annex C: IEA Shared Goals Annex D: Glossary and list of abbreviations Finland’s economy is highly industrialised. Yet with over one-third of its territory located above the Arctic Circle, the country is largely rural and sparsely populated, except for its southern tip. With its energy-intensive industries and its cold climate, Finland’s energy consumption per capita is the highest in the IEA. Finland is highly dependent on imported fossil fuels, and energy policy is at the heart of the government’s concerns. The government’s energy strategy aims to strengthen Finland’s energy security, to move progressively towards a decarbonised economy, and to deepen its integration in the wider European market. Finland has a very ambitious renewable energy programme, with a view to producing 38% of its electricity from renewable sources by 2020. Finland is the most forested country in Europe; biomass will thus play a central role in meeting the target Finland is one of few IEA countries with plans to expand its nuclear capacity, and the Parliament has approved the construction of two more nuclear power plants. If all planned projects are completed, the share of electricity produced by nuclear could double by 2025, reaching around 60%. This would contribute to diversifying Finland’s energy security and meeting its low-carbon objectives. Also, Finland participates in the Baltic Energy Market Interconnection Plan (BEMIP), which aims to further regional integration through EU-supported infrastructure projects. This review analyses the energy policy challenges facing Finland, and provides sectoral studies and recommendations for further policy improvements. It is intended to help guide the country towards a more secure and sustainable energy future
IEA Wind TCP Task 55: The IEA Wind 740-10-MW Reference Offshore Wind Plants
No full textThis report describes the first version of the regular and irregular IEA-Wind 740-10MW Reference Offshore Wind Plants (v0.1). The two plants have been developed within the second work package of IEA Wind Task 37 on Wind Energy Systems Engineering: Integrated RD&D. The plants aim at acting as reference for future research projects on wind energy, representing modern offshore wind plants. The designs are based on the Borssele III and IV offshore wind plant projects. The associated wind resource, allotted territory, and bathymetry measurements are used to define the site characteristics. 74 IEA 10-MW Reference Wind Turbines are arranged in two suggested layouts that are optimized for maximum annual energy production: one regular grid layout, one irregular layout. These reference wind plants have been described using the WindIO ontology and have been made available through an open-source repository on GitHub
Energy Policies Beyond IEA Countries: Estonia 2013 [electronic resource] /
No full textThis review of Estonia’s energy policies analyses the energy policy challenges and opportunities facing Estonia, and provides critiques and recommendations for future policy improvements. It finds that Estonia is actively seeking to reduce the intensity of its energy system. Many of these efforts are focused on oil shale, which the country has been using for almost a century and which meets 70% of its energy demand. While it provides a large degree of energy security, oil shale is highly carbon-intensive. The government is seeking to lessen the negative environmental impact by phasing out old power plants and developing new technologies to reduce significantly CO2 emissions. The efforts on oil shale complement Estonia’s solid track record of modernising its overall energy system. Since restoring its independence in 1991, Estonia has fully liberalised its electricity and gas markets and attained most national energy policy targets and commitments for 2020. It has also started preparing its energy strategy to 2030, with an outlook to 2050. Estonia is also promoting energy market integration with neighbouring EU member states.1. Exective Summary and Key Recommendations -Executive summary -Key recommendations PART I. POLICY ANALYSIS 2. General Energy Policy -Country overview -Supply and demand -Institutions -Key policies -Assessment -Recommendations PART II. SECTOR ANALYSIS 3. Energy and Climate Change -Overview -Energy-related CO2 emissions -Policies and measures -Assessment -Recommendations 4. Energy Efficiency and District Heating -Final energy use -Policies and measures -Policies by sector -District heating -Legal and regulatory framework -Assessment -Recommendations 5. Natural Gas -Policy overview -Supply and demand -Imports and exports -Industry structure -Market overview -Natural gas supply security -Assessment -Recommendations 6. Oil and Shale Oil -Oil shale -Downstream oil -Assessment -Recommendations 7. Renewable Energy -Overview -Supply trends and projections -Policy and institutional framework -Assessment -Recommendations 8. Electricity -Overview -Supply and demand -Institutions and policies -Industry structure -Electricity security -Assessment -Recommendations PART III. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY 9. Energy Technology, Research, Development and Demonstration -General RD&D institutions and strategy -The Estonian Energy Technology Programme -Energy technology areas -Renewable and other new energy technologies -Funding -Assessment -Recommendations PART IV. ANNEXES Annex A: Organisation of the review Annex B: Energy balances and key statistical dataThis review of Estonia’s energy policies analyses the energy policy challenges and opportunities facing Estonia, and provides critiques and recommendations for future policy improvements. It finds that Estonia is actively seeking to reduce the intensity of its energy system. Many of these efforts are focused on oil shale, which the country has been using for almost a century and which meets 70% of its energy demand. While it provides a large degree of energy security, oil shale is highly carbon-intensive. The government is seeking to lessen the negative environmental impact by phasing out old power plants and developing new technologies to reduce significantly CO2 emissions. The efforts on oil shale complement Estonia’s solid track record of modernising its overall energy system. Since restoring its independence in 1991, Estonia has fully liberalised its electricity and gas markets and attained most national energy policy targets and commitments for 2020. It has also started preparing its energy strategy to 2030, with an outlook to 2050. Estonia is also promoting energy market integration with neighbouring EU member states
Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Germany 2007 [electronic resource] /
No full textAn in-depth look at the energy challenges facing Germany, this book addresses such issues as the phasing out of nuclear power, levelling the playing field for competition in the gas and electricity industries, improved regulation, and environment policies that are working at cross-purposes.1. Executive Summary -- 2. General Energy Policy -- 3. Energy and the Environment -- 4. Energy Efficiency -- 5. Renewable Energy -- 6. Coal -- 7. Oil -- 8. Gas -- 9. Electricity -- 10. Nuclear Energy -- 11. Research and Development -- Annex A. Organisation of the Review -- Annex B. Energy Balances and Key Statistical Data -- Annex C. International Energy Agency Shared Goals -- Annex D. Glossary and List of AbbreviationsAn in-depth look at the energy challenges facing Germany, this book addresses such issues as the phasing out of nuclear power, levelling the playing field for competition in the gas and electricity industries, improved regulation, and environment policies that are working at cross-purposes
Energy Efficiency Market Report 2016 [electronic resource] /
No full textOften called the “first fuel” of the global energy system, energy efficiency is one of the most important steps that any government can take to move towards a sustainable energy system. To check on the progress made on this front, the IEA Energy Efficiency Market Report tracks the core indicators of energy efficiency. This year, the report takes a new approach and expands the scope of analysis by examining the drivers of energy efficiency programmes in emerging economies, as well as the impact of those policies. Some of the questions that are addressed in this year’s report include: Which countries and policies are having the greatest impact, and what is the recipe for their success? Are we improving energy efficiency fast enough to achieve our climate goals? What is the size of energy efficiency investments around the world and in key energy-consuming sectors? What has been the impact of low energy prices on these efficiency investments? What are the benefits of efficiency programmes on climate policy, energy security and public budgets? What are the market trends for energy efficiency services and financing? The Energy Efficiency Market Report is the global tracker for energy efficiency programmes, providing policy makers and the private sector with insights on the latest trends and market prospects.Often called the “first fuel” of the global energy system, energy efficiency is one of the most important steps that any government can take to move towards a sustainable energy system. To check on the progress made on this front, the IEA Energy Efficiency Market Report tracks the core indicators of energy efficiency. This year, the report takes a new approach and expands the scope of analysis by examining the drivers of energy efficiency programmes in emerging economies, as well as the impact of those policies. Some of the questions that are addressed in this year’s report include: Which countries and policies are having the greatest impact, and what is the recipe for their success? Are we improving energy efficiency fast enough to achieve our climate goals? What is the size of energy efficiency investments around the world and in key energy-consuming sectors? What has been the impact of low energy prices on these efficiency investments? What are the benefits of efficiency programmes on climate policy, energy security and public budgets? What are the market trends for energy efficiency services and financing? The Energy Efficiency Market Report is the global tracker for energy efficiency programmes, providing policy makers and the private sector with insights on the latest trends and market prospects
Energy Policies of IEA Countries: Portugal 2009 [electronic resource] /
No full textThe International Energy Agency's 2009 review of Portugal's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that Portugal has made considerable efforts to strengthen its energy policy since the last IEA in-depth review in 2004. A large number of IEA recommendations have been successfully implemented, including greater diversification of the energy mix and increased energy policy co-ordination. A new National Energy Strategy, published in October 2005, identified three principal means for meeting Portugal’s policy goals: the promotion of renewable energy, increased energy efficiency and competition in energy markets. Over a short period of time, Portugal has become a leader in terms of renewable energy development. Well-designed incentive mechanisms and the adoption of ambitious targets ensure hydro, wind and other technologies will continue to grow. The National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency was enacted in 2008, and Portugal aims to implement energy efficiency measures equivalent to 9.8% of total final energy consumption by 2015. This plan complements a well developed and co-ordinated climate change policy. Further steps have been taken towards the liberalisation of energy markets, including the innovative creation of a single operator for the transport of natural gas and electricity, natural gas storage and operation of the Sines LNG terminal. Still, a number of challenges remain. Energy markets are not as competitive as policy makers may have wished, and energy research and development policy coordination needs to be strengthened. This review provides sectoral critiques of existing policy and recommendations for further improvements. It is intended to serve as an indispensable guide for Portuguese policy makers as they travel along the path to a more sustainable energy future.1. Executive Summary and Key Recommendatoins -- PART I. POLICY ANALYSIS -- 2. General Energy Policy -- 3. Climate Change -- 4. Energy Efficiency -- PART II. SECTOR ANALYSIS -- 5. Oil and Coal -- 6. Natural Gas -- 7. Electricity -- 8. Renewable Energy -- PART III. ENERGY TECHNOLOGY -- 9. Energy Technology, Research and Development -- PART IV. ANNEXES -- A. Organisation of the Review -- B. Energy Balances and Key Statistical Data -- C. International Energy Agency "Shared Goals" -- D. Glossary and List of AbbreviationsThe International Energy Agency's 2009 review of Portugal's energy policies and programmes. This edition finds that Portugal has made considerable efforts to strengthen its energy policy since the last IEA in-depth review in 2004. A large number of IEA recommendations have been successfully implemented, including greater diversification of the energy mix and increased energy policy co-ordination. A new National Energy Strategy, published in October 2005, identified three principal means for meeting Portugal’s policy goals: the promotion of renewable energy, increased energy efficiency and competition in energy markets. Over a short period of time, Portugal has become a leader in terms of renewable energy development. Well-designed incentive mechanisms and the adoption of ambitious targets ensure hydro, wind and other technologies will continue to grow. The National Action Plan for Energy Efficiency was enacted in 2008, and Portugal aims to implement energy efficiency measures equivalent to 9.8% of total final energy consumption by 2015. This plan complements a well developed and co-ordinated climate change policy. Further steps have been taken towards the liberalisation of energy markets, including the innovative creation of a single operator for the transport of natural gas and electricity, natural gas storage and operation of the Sines LNG terminal. Still, a number of challenges remain. Energy markets are not as competitive as policy makers may have wished, and energy research and development policy coordination needs to be strengthened. This review provides sectoral critiques of existing policy and recommendations for further improvements. It is intended to serve as an indispensable guide for Portuguese policy makers as they travel along the path to a more sustainable energy future
IEA HPT Annex 54: heat pump systems with low-GWP refrigerants ; country report: Germany
No full textThis report provides a comprehensive, most up-to-date review of current research and the development of systems and their optimizations using low-GWP refrigerants for heat pump applications. It also includes a state-of-the-art review of life cycle evaluations of such systems using low-GWP refrigerants. It summarizes the collective efforts by researchers, engineers, and regulation committees across the industry. The report is comprised of the following chapters.
Chapter 1 provides two representative studies from teams in the United States. The first part summarizes the activities related to establishing a detailed database of alternative lower GWP refrigerants for various HVAC&R applications, including thermodynamic and transport properties. The goal is to identify the most suitable candidates for replacing traditional refrigerants based on thermodynamic performance and environmental benefits. It also considers the extent of potential system adjustments required to accommodate the new alternative refrigerants. The second part provides a comprehensive investigation of unitary air conditioners' life cycle climate performance. The review focused on life cycle climate performance methodologies, impacts of parameter and methodology selections, and a few representative case studies.
Chapter 2 provides a comprehensive update on research and development activities in Italy. Three research entities report their progress on low GWP refrigerants and their applications in various heat pump systems. The chapter covers condensation and boiling heat transfer coefficients measurements, and multiple experimental-oriented projects on long-term evaluations of novel heat pump systems using low GWP refrigerants.
Chapter 3 mainly describes the work in Japan, the first step of a two-step process on life cycle climate performance evaluation of heat pump-type air conditioners with next-generation refrigerants. It also presents an overview of a project to establish a new concept and hypothesis for life cycle climate performance evaluation, in which field data related to air conditioners is adopted.
Chapter 4 presents a study carried out by the France teams on finned tube heat exchangers using low GWP refrigerants. The study assessed the heat transfer performance during evaporation and condensation of R410A, R454B, and R32 in a finned tube heat exchanger. A 30-kW experimental setup was built to assess the heat exchanger performance with these three refrigerants. The simulations show that the same design of the finned tube heat exchanger can be used for R410A and R454B, but a design optimization is necessary with R32.
Chapter 5 presents a high-level summary of R&D progress across multiple institutions in Germany. Part one is a summary of the most recent large-scale heat pump monitoring project, a review of ongoing heat pump projects based on an analysis of the enArgus database, and a survey on heat pumps and their refrigerants as part of the market incentive program coordinated at the Federal Office for Economic Affairs and Export Control. In part two, within the last five years, the activities for heat pump research have changed. The activities cover more fundamental research up to the application of deployable heat pump demonstrators for white goods (e.g., dishwashers), mobile systems for electric-driven buses, or large capacity heat pumps systems for multi-family houses.
This report aims at providing a much-needed review and updates on component R&D using low-GWP refrigerants for heat pump applications. We hope it can be a good reference for researchers, engineers, and policymakers across the HVAC industry. We greatly appreciate the contributions of authors for each chapter. The report would not exist without their valuable efforts
IEA-15MW-RWT HAWC2-Monopile Response Database
No full textThe IEA-15MW-RWT-Monopile HAWC2 Response Database contains simulated aeroelastic response data for the IEA 15 MW Reference Wind Turbine with monopile foundation]. The purpose of the database is to provide open access to realistic wind turbine response data, environmental data, and operational data that researchers across different institutions can use freely for whatever purpose they see fit. The content of the database and its background are described in the document IEA-15MW-RWT-Monopile HAWC2 Response Database.pdf, found in this dataset.This dataset contains the following files:- readme.txt- IEA-15MW-RWT-Monopile HAWC2 Response Database.pdf- HAWC2.zip- DLC12_wavedir-22_LAT.zip- DLC12_wavedir000_LAT.zip- DLC12_wavedir022_LAT.zip- DLC12_wavedir-22_MSL.zip- DLC12_wavedir000_MSL.zip- DLC12_wavedir022_MSL.zip- DLC12_wavedir-22_HAT.zip- DLC12_wavedir000_HAT.zip- DLC12_wavedir022_HAT.zip- DLC24.zip- DLC31.zip- DLC41.zip- DLC64_LAT.zip- DLC64_MSL.zip- DLC64_HAT.zip- DLC72_LAT_lockedrotor00.zip- DLC72_LAT_lockedrotor30.zip- DLC72_LAT_lockedrotor60.zip- DLC72_LAT_lockedrotor90.zip- DLC72_MSL_lockedrotor00.zip- DLC72_MSL_lockedrotor30.zip- DLC72_MSL_lockedrotor60.zip- DLC72_MSL_lockedrotor90.zip- DLC72_HAT_lockedrotor00.zip- DLC72_HAT_lockedrotor30.zip- DLC72_HAT_lockedrotor60.zip- DLC72_HAT_lockedrotor90.zip</p
Second iea mathematics study 1981
No full textDescription of curriculum and measurement of student outputs regarding instruction of mathematics in secondary schools / international comparison / partial comparison with first IEA mathematics study ( pupils ) tests of mathematical achievement / time spent compared with other homework / extra help from parents or tutors / use of abacus, calculator, computer ( terminal ) / knowledge, performance and attitudes of parents / significance, ease and preference of math topics / attitudes towards many aspects of mathematics / ( teachers ) questionnaire experience / teaching degree / other school activities / evaluation of test-class on mathematics / time-scheme / use of abacus, calculator, computer ( terminal ) / time spent on various math topics / use of educational appliances / math books / significance, ease and preference of teaching various math topics / attitudes towards various aspects of mathematics / ( schools: ) general aspects and data on mathematics section
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