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Heparin in vitro permeation study through human skin
No full textThe anticoagulant properties of Unfractionated Heparin (UFH) as well as its efficacy in the treatment and prevention of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary embolism (PE) and acute arterial occlusion are well known.
Superficial Venous Thrombosis (SVT) is considered a relatively benign disease usually treated with elastic stockings and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to reduce pain and inflammation. In patients at risk of DVT or PE, subcutaneous injections of Low Molecular Weight Heparins (LMWHs) are considered a valid therapeutic option in spite of the risk of bleeding.1,2
A topical UFH spray solution (UFH-ss) available on the market (Viatromb®, Lipohep®) showed efficacy comparable to subcutaneous LMWHs in reducing both thrombus size and pain/inflammation in patients with SVT without particular safety concerns.1,3 More recently, a study of UFH-ss in the maintenance of patency of the arterovenous fistula confirmed the local activity of this topical formulation in another clinical setting.4 In spite of these evidences, an in vitro investigation based on a biological assay published in 2001 concluded that “UFH is found not to permeate human epidermal membrane which represents the major skin permeation barrier”.5
Pharmacokinetic characterization of systemically administered UFH is a difficult task. Information is available from radiolabeled products and, indirectly, from pharmacodynamic effects. For a topical UFH product the situation is even more difficult and proof of drug penetration through the skin is still an unsolved issue. Due to the high molecular weight, hydrophilic properties and high negative charge, the ability of UFH to penetrate the skin is reduced. Moreover, the complex nature of this substance and the unavailability of a sensitive physico-chemical analytical method does not allow to demonstrate that UFH permeates the skin. Among the available techniques, capillary electrophoresis is a method suitable for the analysis of intact UFH in pharmaceutical formulations, but it lacks the sensitivity required for a skin permeation study. Other approaches involving HPLC require breaking down UFH by either digestion using heparin lyases6 or chemical hydrolysis7 followed by analysis.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro permeation of UFH through human epidermis. Vertical Franz diffusion cells were used to investigate the skin permeation after 8h and 24h using UFH-ss as donor phase. The cumulative amount of UFH in the receiver phase was indirectly determined by controlled hydrolysis with 2M trifluoroacetic acid at 95°C for 2h and subsequent analysis of glucosamine by a LC/MS method. The LC separation was carried out using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography with acetonitrile ammonium formate buffer as mobile phase. The MS detection was based on glucosamine pseudomolecular ion (m/z 180) and allows the quantification of UFH in the range from 0.05 to 1.2 I.U./mL.
The dosed glucosamine at the considered time points and, consequently the UFH permeated amount corresponding to about 0.5 I.U./mL at 24h, support that UFH is able to permeate the human epidermis
Going Beyond Counting First Authors in Author Co-citation Analysis
Get PDFThe present study examines one of the fundamental aspects of author co-citation analysis (ACA) - the way co-citation
counts are defined. Co-citation counting provides the data on which all subsequent statistical analyses and mappings
are based, and we compare ACA results based on two different types of co-citation counting - the traditional type that
only counts the first one among a cited work's authors on the one hand and a non-traditional type that takes into
account the first 5 authors of a cited work on the other hand. Results indicate that the picture produced through this non-traditional author co-citation counting contains more coherent author groups and is therefore considerably clearer. However, this picture represents fewer specialties in the research field being studied than that produced through the traditional first-author co-citation counting when the same number of top-ranked authors is selected and analyzed. Reasons for these effects are discussed
Variations on the Author
Get PDF“Variations on the Author” discusses two of Eduardo Coutinho’s recent films (Um Dia na Vida, from 2010, and Últimas Conversas, posthumously released in 2015) and their contribution to the general question of documentary authorship. The director’s filmography is characterized by a consistent yet self-effacing form of authorial self-inscription: Coutinho often features as an interviewer that rather than express opinions propels discourses; an interviewer that is good at listening. This mode of self-inscription characterizes him as an author who is not expressive but who is nonetheless markedly present on the screen. In Um Dia na Vida, however, Coutinho is completely absent form the image, while Últimas Conversas, on the contrary, includes a confessional prologue that moves the director from the margins to the center of his films. This article examines the ways in which these works stand out in the filmography of a director who offers new insights into the notion of cinematic authorship
Appropriate Similarity Measures for Author Cocitation Analysis
Get PDFWe provide a number of new insights into the methodological discussion about author cocitation analysis. We first argue that the use of the Pearson correlation for measuring the similarity between authors’ cocitation profiles is not very satisfactory. We then discuss what kind of similarity measures may be used as an alternative to the Pearson correlation. We consider three similarity measures in particular. One is the well-known cosine. The other two similarity measures have not been used before in the bibliometric literature. Finally, we show by means of an example that our findings have a high practical relevance.information science;Pearson correlation;cosine;similarity measure;author cocitation analysis
Dispelling the Myths Behind First-author Citation Counts
Get PDFWe conducted a full-scale evaluative citation analysis study of scholars in the XML research field to explore just how different from each other author rankings resulting from different citation counting methods actually are, and to demonstrate the capability of emerging data and tools on the Web in supporting more realistic citation counting methods. Our results contest some common arguments for the continued
use of first-author citation counts in the evaluation of scholars, such as high correlations between author rankings by first-author citation counts and other citation
counting methods, and high costs of using more realistic citation counting methods that are not well-supported by the ISI databases. It is argued that increasingly available digital full text research papers make it possible for citation analysis studies to go beyond what the ISI databases have directly supported and to employ more
sophisticated methods
koamabayili/VECTRON-author-checklist: VECTRON author checklist
No full textWe have done our best to complete the author checklist relating to the use of animals in the hut study. Note that the objective for the hut study was to evaluate the IRS treatment applications for residual efficacy against Anopheles mosquitoes, including the local An. coluzzii mosquito population. Cows were only used to attract mosquitoes into the huts and no tests were carried out directly on the cows. The author checklist is intended for use with studies where experiments are carried out on animals, which is why we have had such difficulty in completing this for the hut study, as many of the questions do not relate to how the cows were used
Author-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.
No full textAuthor-wise bibliometric analysis based on entropy.</p
Author Under Sail The Imagination of Jack London, 1893-1902
No full textIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Intro -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Dedication -- Contents -- Acknowledgments -- Introduction -- 1. Spirit Truth -- 2. From Absorption to Theatricality and Back Again -- 3. "I Will Build a New Present" -- 4. Sons as Authors -- 5. Fathers as Publishers -- 6. The Daughter as Author -- 7. Lovers as Authors -- 8. At Sea with the Family -- 9. Yellow News, Yellow Stories -- 10. The Return Home -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index -- About Jay WilliamsIn Author Under Sail, Jay Williams offers the first complete literary biography of Jack London as a professional writer engaged in the labor of writing. It examines the authorial imagination in London's work, the use of imagination in both his fiction and nonfiction, and the ways he defined imagination in the creative process in his business dealings with his publishers, editors, and agents. In this first volume of a two-volume biography, Williams traverses the years 1893 to 1902, from London's "Story of a Typhoon" to The People of the Abyss. The Jack London who emerges in the pages of Author Under Sail is a writer whose partnership with publishers, most notably his productive alliance with George Brett of Macmillan, was one of the most formative in American literary history. London pioneered many author models during the heyday of realism and naturalism, blurring the boundaries of these popular genres by focusing on absorption and theatricality and the representation of the seen and unseen. London created an impassioned, sincere, and extremely personal realism unlike that of other American writers of the time. Author Under Sail is a literary tour de force that reveals the full range of London as writer, creative citizen, and entrepreneur at the same time it sheds light on the maverick side of machine-age literature.Description based on publisher supplied metadata and other sources.Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, Michigan : ProQuest Ebook Central, YYYY. Available via World Wide Web. Access may be limited to ProQuest Ebook Central affiliated libraries
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