54 research outputs found
Physician altruism and moral hazard: (no) evidence from Finnish national prescriptions data
No full textWe test the physicians’ altruism and moral hazard hypotheses using a national panel register containing all 2003–2010 statins prescriptions in Finland. We estimate the likelihood that physicians prescribe generic versus branded versions of statins as a function of the shares of the difference between what patients have to pay out of their pocket and what is covered by the insurance, controlling for patient, physician, and drug characteristics. We find that the estimated coefficients and the average marginal effects associated with moral hazard and altruism are nearly zero, and are orders of magnitude smaller than the ones associated with other explanatory factors such as the prescriptions’ year and the physician specialization. When the analysis distinctly accounts for both the patient and the insurer shares of expenditure, the estimated coefficients directly reject the altruism and moral hazard hypotheses. Instead, we find strong and robust evidence of habits persistence in prescribing branded drugs
Reference Pricing in Finnish Pharmaceutical Markets: Pre-Policy Evaluation
No full textRapporto 25 2009 Finnish Ministry of Social Affairs and Healt
Measuring effectiveness in social care: the present and future for researchers and policy-makers
No full text
Applicability of AADL in modelling the overall I&C architecture of a nuclear power plant
No full textThis paper focuses on the challenges relating to the overall safety instrumentation and control (I&C) architectural design and more specifically the modelling and assessment of nuclear safety I&C systems at architectural level. We focus on the properties relating to Defence-in-Depth principle, mainly on the unwanted interactions between systems of different safety classification. This paper describes the design process of early conceptual overall safety I&C architecture from the modelling point of view and defines the requirements for a model-based approach to support the design and analysis of the design solution. The modelling language selected for the study was Architecture Analysis and Design Language (AADL), an architecture description language, which considers analysis as a goal. In this paper, we review the capabilities of the language for modelling overall safety I&C architectures and as a case study, we model a simplified example architecture of an APR-1400 nuclear power plant using standard AADL components and provide an overview of the analysis capabilities of the OSATE tool for checking Defence-in-Depth related requirements
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