855 research outputs found

    A SHORT NOTE ON THE SOLUTION PROCEDURE OF BARRO AND SALA-I-MARTIN FOR RESTORING CONSTANCY CONDITIONS

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    The so-called AK models (and models that reduce to AK models without generating transitional dynamics) give rise to a very special property that is called constancy conditions. These conditions impose fix ratios among quantities of the model from the start. Hence, knowing one of the initial values of stock variables becomes sufficient to derive time paths of other variables, given constancy conditions. One source of upsetting these conditions is physical shocks. When a shock disturbs these conditions, preserving intertemporal maximization requires restoring them, preferably immediately. This can be done only by employing a temporary maximization problem, in general. Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1995, pp.172-9) offer a solution procedure based on the idea that the abundant variable has to be kept constant while the scarce variable is let to grow till the condition is satisfied. This note contributes to the discussion in two ways. First, it shows that the solution procedure suggested by Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1995) contains flaws. Second, it shows the right solution procedure that restores constancy conditions.Constancy conditions, economic growth, natural shocks, physical shocks

    IS THERE AN INDISPENSABLE ROLE FOR GOVERNMENT DURING RECOVERY FROM AN EARTHQUAKE? A THEORETICAL ELABORATION

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    It is commonly argued that catastrophic effects of physical shocks are recovered consequentially due to internal adjustment mechanisms economies retain. The theoretical literature on growth implications of earthquakes relies on the same premise, by and large, putting relatively minor role on the shoulders of governments as an external source in recovering from catastrophic effects of an earthquake. This paper elaborates theoretically whether there is an indispensable role for government during recovery from the destructive effects of an earthquake. To this end, we employ a specific growth environment, namely AK framework, which imposes constant ratios on the quantities of the model from the start. It follows that, when a physical shock hits the economy, the model fails to restore these conditions automatically. The paper contributes to the literature in two ways. First, it shows that an indispensable role for government in restoring equilibrium after an earthquake is a theoretical possibility. Second, it advances our understanding on the procedure of restoring equilibrium when there are fixed ratios between quantities, an issue that is not known very much in the literature.Natural disasters, earthquakes, constancy conditions, economic growth

    Solutions for certain classes of the Riccati differential equation

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    We derive some analytic closed-form solutions for a class of Riccati equations y'(x) - lambda(0)(x) y(x) +/- y(2)(x) = +/- s(0)(x) where lambda(0)( x), s(0)( x) are C-infinity- functions. We show that if delta(n) = lambda(n)s(n-1) - lambda(n-1)s(n) = 0, where lambda(n) = lambda(')(n-1) + s(n-1) + lambda(0)lambda(n-1) and s(n) = s(n-1)(')+ s(0)lambda(k-1) , n = 1, 2, ... , then the Riccati equation has a solution given by y( x) = -/+ s(n-1)(x)/ lambda(n-1)(x). Extension to the generalized Riccati equation y'(x) + P(x) y(x) + Q(x) y(2)(x) = R(x) is also investigated

    In terms of linguistic utilization to Hasan Hüseyin Korkmazgil s poetry

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    Her sanatç gibi air de verdi i eserle, yani iirleriyle ölümsüzlü ü hedefler. Bunu yaparken iki temelden hareket eder: Birincisi i ledi i konu , ikincisi ise ele ald konuyu i leyi eklidir . Alan nda yetkin çal malara konu olmu bu birinci ba l a, yine bu eserlerden faydalanarak çal mada k saca de inilecektir. As l üzerinde durulacak ba l ise Sunulu olarak da adland r labilecek konunun ele al n ekli olu turacakt r. Bu çal mada, dil biliminin ele ald anlam olaylar içinde benzetme, aktarma, kar tlama ve al lmam ba da t rmalar gibi konular üzerinden air Hasan Hüseyin Korkmazgil in iirine dil bilimsel bir bak getirilmeye çal lacakt r.Like every artist poet aims at immortality with his works. While doing this, poet acts in two fundamentally: First his subject, second functioning form of matter. The first topic which is dealed in competent work will be discussed shortly. The topic which is the main focus on is functioning form of matter can be named as "presentation" indeed. In this study, a linguistic point of view of the poet's poetry will be studied

    Diversity and summary statistics for Structure inferred groups a) <i>K</i> = 4; and b) <i>K</i> = 10.

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    <p>*alleles <1% frequency in the whole collection are considered rare alleles.</p><p>Diversity and summary statistics for Structure inferred groups a) <i>K</i> = 4; and b) <i>K</i> = 10.</p

    The effect of the working environment on nurses’ job satisfaction and the intention to leave

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    Ulusal Hemşirelik Yönetim Kongresi (1. : 2021)Giriş: İşten ayrılma niyeti; bireyin çalıştığı kurumda kalma niyetinin ölçüsüdür. Hemşirelerin iş doyumlarının yükseltilmesi ve ayrılma niyetlerinin azaltılması için iş doyumu ve ayrılma niyetini etkileyen faktörlerin detaylı bilinmesine ihtiyaç vardır. Amaç: Bu araştırmanın amacı, hemşirelerin çalışma ortamı algıları iş doyumları ve işten ayrılma niyeti ile ilişkini incelemektir. Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel türdeki bu çalışma, Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Antalya Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi’nde Mayıs-Ağustos 2018 arasında 870 hemşire ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin toplanmasında, “Tanımlayıcı Bilgiler Formu”, “İşten Ayrılma Niyeti Soru Formu”, “Hemşirelik İş İndeksi-Hemşirelik ÇalışmaO rtamını Değerlendirme Ölçeği”v e “Minnesota İş Doyumu Ölçeği”k ullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde sayı, yüzde, ortalama, regresyon analizi, korelasyon analizi ve Cronbach alpha testleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışma sonucunda elde edilen bulgular; hemşirelerin çalışma ortamı algılarının ortalamasının 2,23±0,52 olduğu, genel doyum ortalamalarının 2,66±0,80 olduğu, hemşirelerin %67,1’nin hemşirelikten ayrılma niyetinin düşük olduğu, %63,9’nun da işten ayrılma niyetinin düşük olduğu saptanmıştır. Hemşirelerin çalışma ortamı algılarının iş doyumu ile pozitif ve yüksek düzeyde (r=,720, p<,001) ilişkili olduğu, hemşirelikten ayrılma niyeti ile negatif ve düşük düzeyde (r=-,394, p<,001) ilişkili olduğu, işten ayrılma niyeti ile negatif ve düşük düzeyde (r=-,409, p<,001) ilişkili olduğu görülmektedir. Hemşirelerin çalışma ortamı algılarının genel iş doyumunu %51,9, işten ayrılma niyetini %16,7, hemşirelikten ayrılma niyetini %15,5 oranında açıkladığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç: Araştırmada hemşirelerin çalışma ortamlarını düşük düzeyde olumlu algıladıkları, iş doyumlarının orta düzeyde olduğu ve ayrılma niyetlerinin düşük olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca hemşirelerin çalışma ortamı algılarının iş doyumu ve işten ayrılma niyetini etkilediği belirlenmiştir.Introduction: The intention to leave is measuring an individual’s intention to stay in the institution where they work. To increase the job satisfaction of nurses and decrease their intention to leave, it is necessary to know the factors affecting job satisfaction and the intention to leave in detail. Aim: The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between nurses’ work environment perceptions and their job satisfaction and intention to leave. Method: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out at the University of Health Sciences Antalya Training and Research Hospital between May and August 2018 with 870 nurses. “Descriptive Information Form,” “Intention to Leave Job Questionnaire,” “Nursing Job Index-Nursing Work Environment Assessment Scale,” and “Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire” were used to collect the data. Number, percentage, mean, Regression analysis, Correlation analysis, and Cronbach Alpha tests were used to analyze the data. Results: As a result of the study, it was found that the mean of the nurses’ perception of the working environment was 2.23 ± 0.52, their overall satisfaction mean was 2.66 ± 0.80, 67.1% of the nurses had a low intention to quit nursing, and 63.9% had a low intention to leave. Nurses’ perceptions of the work environment were positively and highly correlated with job satisfaction (r =.720, p <.001), negatively and lowly (r =-.394, p<.001) with an intention to quit nursing and negatively and at a low level (r =-.409, p<.001) with an intention to leave. It was determined that the nurses’ perceptions of the working environment explained their general job satisfaction by 51.9%, the intention to leave 16.7%, and the intention to quit nursing 15.5%. Conclusion: In the study, it was found that nurses perceive their work environment as unfavourable, their job satisfaction is moderate, and their intention to leave is low. Also, it was determined that nurses’ work environment perceptions affect job satisfaction and intention to leave.No sponso

    According to today archaic elements in The Divan Of Sehî Bey

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    Klasik edebiyat verdi i ürünlerle bugün yaln zca edebiyatç lar için de il dilciler için de zengin bir kaynak olma niteli ine sahiptir. Sosyal hayata ve di er kültürel de erlere ait pek çok bilgi gibi dönemin birçok özelli i, bu metinler yard m yla takip edilebilirken bunun yan nda söz varl nda veya birtak m gramer ekillerinde görülebilen arkaik özellikler incelemeye de er konular olu turmaktad r. Bu konu çerçevesinde ele al nan Sehî Bey Dîvân XVI. as rda Türk dilinde ya ayan arkaik unsurlar n bir k sm n bar nd rmas bak m ndan önemli verileri ihtiva etmektedir. Dîvân da s kça görülen arkaik ekillerden birine u örne i vermek dikkat çekici olacakt r: Dâ lar halkas geydürdi z r hlar tenüme / Cebe satmak nic olur göstereyin dü menüme beytindeki I. teklik ah s emir/istek eki -eyin eki içerdi i ekil itibar yla eski Türkçe dönemine kadar indirilebilirken bugün art k yerini - eyim ekline b rakm t r. Bu örnek, hem geçmi teki bir ögenin metinde yer almas bak m ndan hem de kullan m n bugüne ula amam olmas bak m ndan dikkat çekicidir. Bu emre ey dil oldu? çünki me m?r/Düri kim old el-me m?r ma ??r beytinde çal - anlam ndaki düri - fiili de yine Eski Anadolu Türkçesinde yani bir önceki dönemde kullan lan ama bugüne ula amayan bir ba ka kullan m göstermektedir. Bu örnek, gramer ekillerinin yan nda söz varl nda da görülen bir ekil olmas bak m ndan ilgi çekicidir. Bu ve buna benzer arkaik ekillerin say s n örneklemeler yoluyla art rmak suretiyle incelemek günümüzdeki tarihî gramer ara t rmalar için de yararl olacakt r.Our classical literature with its given works, today not only for litterateurs but also for us linguists has an identity of rich source. While various features of the era like countless datas belonging to social life and other cultural values can be followed with the help of these texts, furthermore, archaic features seen in vocabulary and some grammar forms are subjects worth for being studied. Seh&icirc; Bey D&icirc;vân about which also we discussed in the frame of this subject, contains important datas from the aspect of having alive archaic elements in Turkish language in XVI. century. It will be noteworthy to give an example for one of archaic forms frequently seen in D&icirc;vân: Whilst in the stave of "Dâ lar halkas geydürdi z r hlar tenüme / Cebe satmak nic olur göstereyin dü menüme" first oneness character order/wish affix eyin affix as at its own form can be diminished to old Turkish era, today now it left its place to eyim form. This example is noteworthy in terms of both an element in the past having placed in the text and also its usage couldn t have reached today. esle word meaning "to listen" in the stave of "Hakk la ger hak olmag istersen/Zikr-i Hakk eyle sözimi esle" also shows another usage again in Old Anatolia Turkish namely having used in the former era but not able to have reached today. This example, besides grammar forms in terms of being a form seen also in vocabulary is interesting. It will be beneficial for also today s historical grammar researches to study by increasing the number of these and similar to these archaic forms with samples

    Optimal Monetary Policy, Commitment, and Imperfect Credibility

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    In the conventional optimal monetary policy framework, two key assumptions underline the full commitment solution : Monetary authority is perfectly credible, and can commit for an infinite number of periods. Using a baseline forward-looking model, this study explores the implications of relaxing these assumptions in turn. First, finite lasting commitments are introduced using a stochastic exogenous process that generates policy reoptimizations. As a consequence, monetary policy is characterized with a continuum from pure discretion to full commitment. Second, we solve the optimal and robust targeting rules when the central bank confronts imperfect and/or uncertain credibility. Imperfect credibility is defined as a situation in which the private sector expects the commitment regime to end sooner than that is intended by the policy maker. The results indicate that, under imperfect credibility, optimal policy becomes observationally closer to the discretionary solution, the more being so as the degree of uncertainty rises. These findings may be insightful for explaining the observed near-discretionary behavior of the central banks, which indeed operate under imperfect credibility.Optimal Monetary Policy, Stabilization Bias, Imperfect Credibility, Discretion, Commitment

    LOJİSTİK HİZMET ALICILARININ TERCİHLERİNDE İNTERMODAL TAŞIMACILIK EĞİLİMİNİN ÖLÇÜLMESİ

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    &lt;p&gt;K&uuml;resel ticaretin artması, k&uuml;reselleşmenin b&uuml;y&uuml;mesi ve ilerlemesi sonucunda, d&uuml;nya &uuml;zerinde lojistik gereksinimler ticaret ile birlikte artmıştır. K&uuml;resel rekabet ortamı daha verimli ve daha &ccedil;evreci lojistik s&uuml;re&ccedil;lerilerini s&uuml;rd&uuml;r&uuml;lebilir ticaret i&ccedil;in elzem hale getirmiştir. Bununla birlikte, 1990&rsquo;dan bu yana, tek modlu taşımanın yeterli olmadığı durumlarda tercih edilmeye başlanan intermodal taşıma t&uuml;r&uuml;, uluslararası y&uuml;k taşımacılığında &ouml;nemli bir yere sahip olmuştur. Ulaştırma maliyetlerini, transit s&uuml;resini en aza indirmek ve transit ge&ccedil;iş s&uuml;resini maksimuma &ccedil;ıkarmak gibi birbiriyle &ccedil;elişen hedefleri optimize eden bir model olması itibariyle, t&uuml;m d&uuml;nya &uuml;zerinde intermodal taşımacılık koridoru ile en uygun rotaların elde edilmesi ama&ccedil;lamaktadır. Bu &ccedil;alışmada, intermodal taşımacılık &uuml;zerine odaklanılarak, lojistik hizmet alıcıların tercihlerinde intermodal taşımacılık eğilimlerinin &ouml;l&ccedil;&uuml;mlenmesi ama&ccedil;lanmıştır. T&uuml;rkiye&rsquo;de ve yurt dışında lojistik hizmet alıcıları &uuml;zerinde, toplam yirmi sorudan oluşan m&uuml;lakatlar ile nitel bir &ccedil;alışma ger&ccedil;ekleştirilmiştir. Kırk altı katılımcı firmadan elde edilen yanıtlar Maxqda Analytics 24 programı ile i&ccedil;erik analizine tabi tutulmuştur. &Ccedil;alışmanın sonucuna g&ouml;re firmaların intermodal taşıma modunu tercih etmelerindeki en &ouml;nemli etkenleri; ekonomik olması, yeşil &ccedil;evreyi desteklemesi ve karbon salınımının azaltılmasıdır. Bu araştırma, gelecekteki &ccedil;alışmalara ışık tutma potansiyeline sahip olup lojistik sekt&ouml;r&uuml;n&uuml;n gelişimine &ouml;nemli katkılar sağlamayı hedeflemektedir.&lt;/p&gt

    Incorporating the Basic Elements of a First-degree Fuzzy Logic and Certain Elments of Temporal Logic for Dynamic Management Applications

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    The approximate reasoning is perceived as a derivation of new formulas with the corresponding temporal attributes, within a fuzzy theory defined by the fuzzy set of special axioms. For dynamic management applications, the reasoning is evolutionary because of unexpected events which may change the state of the expert system. In this kind of situations it is necessary to elaborate certain mechanisms in order to maintain the coherence of the obtained conclusions, to figure out their degree of reliability and the time domain for which these are true. These last aspects stand as possible further directions of development at a basic logic level. The purpose of this paper is to characterise an extended fuzzy logic system with modal operators, attained by incorporating the basic elements of a first-degree fuzzy logic and certain elements of temporal logic.Dynamic Management Applications, Fuzzy Reasoning, Formalization, Time Restrictions, Modal Operators, Real-Time Expert Decision System (RTEDS)
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