24,476 research outputs found
Construct validity of the Comprehensive Developmental Inventory for Infants and Toddlers
No full text« Eh bien », « alors », « enfin » et « disons » en français parlé contemporain
No full textHwang Young-ai. « Eh bien », « alors », « enfin » et « disons » en français parlé contemporain. In: L'Information Grammaticale, N. 57, 1993. pp. 46-48
Application of “International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health” (ICF) to Infants and Toddlers with Motor Delay
No full text「國際功能分類系統」(ICF)與國際功能分類系統-兒童及青少年版」(ICF for Children and Youths; ICF-CY)分別於2001年與2007年由世界衛生組織正式發行。其內容包括「健康情形」(Health Condition)、「身體功能及構造」(Body Functions and Structures, b, s)、「活動及參與」(Activities and Participation, d)、「環境因素」(Environmental Factors, e) 及「個人因素」(Personal Factors) 五個部份。此外，ICF 及ICF-CY均已出版詳細之類目(categories)用以描述個人之健康狀況(Health Status)。與ICF相關之研究分為兩個層次：概念層次(conceptual level)與計畫層次(programmatic level)。概念層次之研究著重於ICF之架構及其各部分之關係；計畫層次之研究則著重於類目之應用。其中「環境因素」與「個人因素」統稱為「情境因素」(Contextual Factors)。ICF架構強調b, s, d 是「健康情形」與「情境因素」互動的結果；但此概念層次於遲緩兒童方面，尚無實證資料佐證。且為促進ICF之臨床實用性，針對各項成人疾病已有短版由二級類目組成之核心項目組(ICF Core Set)；然而，在動作發展遲緩嬰幼兒此計畫層次之文獻尚缺乏。因此，針對動作發展遲緩嬰幼兒，本研究分為兩部份探究ICF-CY概念層次與計畫層次之可行性。第一部份(概念層次)目的，利用理論及實證資料，以三個不同動作功能 (靜態姿勢維持能力、基本移動能力及視覺動作整合能力)為d部分之成果指標，分別提出三個適用於動作發展遲緩嬰幼兒以ICF-CY架構為基礎之假設模型，並收集資料驗證三個假設模型之正確性。第二部份(計畫層次)目的，則針對動作發展遲緩嬰幼兒提出ICF-CY核心項目組之可能類目。法：第一部分：先針對六個主題進行系統性文獻回顧，以確立可代表ICF-CY架構中各部份的重要變項及測量，並建構三個動作指標假設模型。接著，以方便取樣，共有70名6-24個月動作發展遲緩嬰幼兒及其家庭完成所有ICF-CY五部份主要相關測量變項，包括：(1)兒童之動作嚴重度(健康情形)、(2)兒童之身體功能(智力功能(b117)、動機(b130)、視覺(b210)、肌力(b730)、肌張力(b735)、肌耐力(b740)、平衡反應(b755))、(3)兒童之活動(皮巴迪動作量表第二版之靜態姿勢維持能力分量表(d410, d415)、基本移動能力分量表(d450, d455)、視覺動作整合能力分量表(d440))、(4)環境，包括家庭之環境與社會服務符合需求程度(屬家庭物理環境之玩具與器具(e115)及家中物理環境之安排(e155)、屬家庭社會環境之家庭支持與關係 (e310)及家庭成員之因應策略(e410)、社會服務符合需求程度(e5))、(5)個人因素，包括年齡與性別。以部分樣本檢驗各測量之信度。最後，將具信效度之變項，以兒童個人因素(年齡、性別)為共變項，使用MacArthur moderator-mediator approach來進行資料分析，alpha值設在0.05，以驗證三個假設模型之正確性。第二部分：由11名來自於不同早期介入背景之專家參與，專家們藉由第一部份之研究所得動作遲緩嬰幼兒於25個類目的問題比率 (problem rates)，選出那些類目可能為ICF-CY核心項目組。最後，完全符合以下兩個條件則為可能的核心項目組類目：(1) 80%以上專家之認可，及(2) 30%以上動作遲緩嬰幼兒在該類目有問題。果及討論：概念層次部分：根據資料分析，本研究提出三個ICF-CY模型。於三個ICF-CY模型中，家庭社會性環境之「家長參與程度」(e310)為「健康情形」與部分「身體功能」(b117, b755)間的中介變項；而家庭物理性環境，如「家中空間設施及規劃」(e155)、玩具及學習材料(e115)則與「健康情形」同時預測基本移動能力或視覺動作整合能力；大部分「身體功能」變項(b)是「健康情形」與「活動及參與」(動作功能)(d)間之中介變項。動作發展遲緩嬰幼兒之動作嚴重度(健康情形)會影響「活動及參與」(d410, d415, d440, d450, d455) 及「身體功能」(b117, b130, b730, b735, b740, b755)。「家庭調適」(e410)與家庭符合需求程度變項(e5)則與三個動作活動無顯著相關。本研究結果支持ICF-CY架構，於介入計畫中應重視家庭環境，此外，「身體功能」(b)對「活動」(d) 影響大，因此於臨床介入目標應同時考慮「身體功能」、「活動」與家庭環境三個部份。計畫層次部分之結果顯示，本研究所連結之ICF-CY的25個類目中，有20個類目被80%以上專家同意為核心項目組，本研究30%以上動作遲緩嬰幼兒在21個類目呈現問題；兩者之類目並不完全一致；最後，有17個類目同時具備兩者之標準。因此，本研究提出動作遲緩嬰幼兒之ICF-CY核心項目組之17個可能類目如下：(b117) 智力功能、(b130)能量和驅力功能、(b755) 不隨意動作反應功能、(d310)溝通—接受口頭訊息、(d330)說、(d410)改變身體姿勢、(d415)保持身體姿勢、(d430) 舉起和搬運物體、(d440)手的精巧使用、(d450) 步行、(d455) 到處移動、(d550) 吃、(d560) 喝、 (d710) 基本人際交往、 (e115) 個人日常生活用品和技術、 (e310) 直系親屬家庭、 (e5) 服務、體制和政策。然核心項目組之確實類目還需更大樣本與更多專家達成共識，才可能於臨床應用。床應用: 相較於動作發展遲緩嬰幼兒之「健康情形」及「個人因素」，「身體功能」及「環境因素」在ICF-CY中，是較容易因早期介入而改變的。此研究所提出之「身體功能」及「環境因素」的重要中介或預測變項，可作為早期介入服務目標之依據。本研究所提出之動作遲緩嬰幼兒之17個核心項目組之可能類目，可以為功能描述與分類之參考。結論：本研究提出三個ICF-CY模型，原則支持ICF-CY架構，可以為臨床決策之參考。此外，17個類目可能為動作發展遲緩嬰幼兒之核心項目組，可為臨床功能分類之用。The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) has been officially published in 2001, and the ICF for Children and Youths (ICF-CY) was also published in 2007. The framework of ICF and ICF-CY contains five components: Health Condition, Body Functions and Structures (b, s), Activities and Participation (d), Environmental Factors (e), and Personal Factors. The Environmental Factors and Personal Factors are grouped into the part of Contextual Factors. At conceptual level, the framework emphasized that the Body Functions (b) and Structures (s) and Activities and Participation (d) are the results of the interactions between Health Condition and Environmental Factors (e). At programmatic level, to facilitate the use of ICF in clinical practice, the whole ICF version has been condensed into several different ICF Core Sets for different adult diseases. Only a few ICF categories in the ICF Core Set are needed to describe the health –related status of one person with a specific disease. However, the literature about the application of ICF-CY for both conceptual level and programmatic level were limited in infants and toddlers with or risk for motor delay (WMD). The purposes of this study were: (1) To establish and test the hypothetical ICF-CY based models for explaining motor development (Activities and Participation) in infants and toddlers WMD younger than 2 years (conceptual level). (2) To finding the potential categories for ICF-CY Core Set for infants and toddlers WMD (programmatic level).ethods: the present research was divided into two parts: Study I (conceptual level research) and Study II (programmatic level research). For Study I, firstly, 6 relevant topics in ICF components were systematically reviewed, and related variables and measures were selected. Secondly, reliability of the selected measures was examined in part of children enrolled in present study. Thirdly, to construct three hypothetical ICF-CY based models based on three motor outcomes (Stationary, Locomotion, and Visual-motor integration). A convenient sample of children WMD (n=70) aged 6-24 months was collected. All the enrolled children and their families received measures to have variables related to 5 components of ICF-CY: (1) Motor severity (Health Condition); (2) Body Functions ((b117) Intellectual Functions, (b130) Mastery Motivation, (b210) Seeing Functions, (b730) Muscle Power Functions, (b735) Muscle Tone Functions, (b740) Muscle Endurance Functions, (b755) Balance)); (3) Activities (Stationary (d410, d415), Locomotion (d450, d455), and Visual-motor integration subtests (d440) in Peabody Developmental Motor Scales 2nd Edition (PDMS-II)); and (4) Environmental Factors (learning material or equipment at home (e115), physical home environment arrangement (e155), relationships and support of immediate family (e310), family coping strategies (e410), needs or social support (e5)); and (5) Personal Factors (age and sex). MacArthur moderator-mediator approach was used to analyze the data and verify the three ICF-CY based hypothetical models while the alpha level was set at 0.05. In study II, 11 experts from multi-disciplinary backgrounds in early intervention were invited to attain the consensus on potential 2nd level categories of ICF-CY Core Set for infants and toddlers WMD. The problem rates of the categories in study I and the questionnaire were sent to the experts to obtain their consensus of potential categories of ICF-CY Core Set. The categories in the ICF Core Sets were determined when both of the following criteria were met: of >80% consensus from experts and of >30% of the sample in study I presenting problems on specific categories. esults: for study I (conceptual level), we proposed three ICF-CY models for 3 motor outcomes. Among the three models, social Environmental Factor (“Involvement” (e310)) could be the mediators between the Health Condition (Motor severity) and (b117and b755)) in Body Functions; another social Environmental Factor (“Responsivity” of parents (e310)) could be the mediators between the Health Condition (Motor severity) and one Body Functions variable (b117); one physical Environmental Factor (“Inside space” (e155)) together with Motor severity could predict Locomotion DA (d450, d455); another physical Environmental Factor (“Fine motor Toys”, and “Learning material” (e115)) together with Motor severity could predict Visual-motor integration DA (d440); Health Condition (Motor severity) could predict Activities and Participation (three types of motor outcomes) and Body Functions; some Body Functions variables (b117, b130, b730, b735, b755, b740) could be the mediators between the Health Condition (Motor severity) and Activities (Stationary DA (d410, d415), Locomotion DA (d450, d455), or Visual-motor integration DA (d440)). One more complex mediating path may exist: Motor severity would affect “Involvement” (e310), and then “Cognitive DQ” (b117) and “Balance” (b755), and then three motor outcomes (Stationary DA (d410, d415), Locomotion DA (d450, d455) and Visual-motor integration DA (d440)). Distal Environmental Factors (“Family coping strategies” (e410), and “Met needs index” of family (e575, e580, e585)) were not correlated with three motor outcomes in all three derived models.or study II (programmatic level), according to the results of survey, 20 of the 25 selected ICF-CY categories have reached >80% consensus from experts; 21 have reached >30% problem rates. 17 of the 25 selected ICF-CY categories had met both criteria to be potential ICF-CY Core Set categories. Those categories were: (b117) Intellectual Functions, (b130) Energy and Drive Functions, (b755) Involuntary Movement Reaction Functions, (d310) Communication with-receiving-spoken message, (d330) Speaking, (d410) Changing Basic Body Position, (d415) Maintaining a Body Position, (d430) Lifting and Carrying Objects, (d440) Fine Hand Use, (d450) Walking, (d455) Moving Around, (d550) Eating, (d560) Drinking, (d710) Basic interpersonal interaction, (e115) Product and Technology for Personal Use in Daily Living, (e310) Immediate Family, (e5) Services, Systems, and Policies.onclusions: At the conceptual level, specific 1 to 2 social Environmental variables could mediate the relationship between Health Conditions and Body Functions or between Health Conditions and Activities; specific physical Environmental Factors as well as Health Condition could predict Balance functions in Body Functions, and could also predict Locomotion and Visual-motor integration in Activities; most of the variables in Body Functions could be the mediators between Health Condition and Activities. At programmatic level, there are slight differences of the possible ICF-CY core categories between consensus of experts and evidence from empirical data for infants and toddlers WMD. The potential categories for ICF-CY Core set for Infant and toddlers WMD were also slightly different from the ICF checklist designed for adults.linical implications: The present study indicated the mediating processes of the variables in Body Functions and Environmental Factors would provide the most relevant elements for interventionist to begin with. The potential 17 ICF-CY categories would provide for establishing ICF-CY Core Sets and would help the clinicians to classify and describe the Health Status for infants and toddler with or at risk for motor delay.CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION 15.1. BACKGROUND 15.2. THE SCOPE OF THIS RESEARCH 19.3. PURPOSES 19.4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESES 20.4.1 Study I 20.4.2. Study II 22.5. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS OF TERMS 22.5.1. Health Condition 22.5.2. Body Functions and Structures 23.5.3. Activities and Participation 24.5.4. Environmental Factors 26.5.5. Personal Factors 28HAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 29.1. THE ICF STRUCTURE AND ITS APPLICATION TO RESEARCH 29.1.1. ICF structure 29.1.2. The strategies and study designs of ICF-based researches 32.2. PREVALENCE OF INFANTS AND TODDLERS WITH OR AT RISK FOR MOTOR DELAY 37.3. THEORETICAL BASIS - AN ECOLOGICAL POINT OF VIEW 38.4. THE INFLUENTIAL FACTORS OF OUTCOMES – EMPIRICAL FINDINGS 41.5. DEVELOPMENT OF THE ICF -CY CHECKLISTS AND CORE SETS 51HAPTER 3. METHODS 53.1. STUDY DESIGN 53.1.1 Study I: Exploratory research & methodological research 53.1.2. Study II: Survey research 53.2. PARTICIPANTS 54.2.1. Study I 54.2.2. Study II 56.3. MEASURES 56.3.1. Health Condition 56.3.2. Body Functions and Structures 57.3.3. Activities and Participation 60.3.4. Environmental factors 63.4. PROCEDURE 70.4.1. Study I 70.4.2. Study II 73.5. DATA ANALYSIS 75.5.1. Study I 75.5.2. Study II 78HAPTER 4. RESULTS 79.1. STUDY I 79.1.1. Systematic reviews 79.1.2. Reliability 80.1.3. Testing hypothetical ICF-based models 85.2. STUDY II 106HAPTER 5. DISCUSSION 113.1. STUDY I 115.1.1. Path I (Health Condition-Environmental Factors-Body Functions) 118.1.2. Path II (Health Condition-Environmental Factors- Activities) and Path IV (Health Condition-Environmental Factors-Body Functions-Activities) 122.1.3. Path III (Health Condition-Body Functions -Activities) 123.2. STUDY II 125.2.1. Potential categories in Body Functions 126.2.2. Potential categories in Activities and Participation 126.2.3. Potential categories in Environmental Factors 126.3. LIMITATIONS 127.4. Implications 130.5. Further studies 131ONCLUSIONS 131CKNOWLEDGEMENTS 132EFERENCES 134PPENDICES 14
Human-AI Collaboration in Academic Writing: towards a Synergy Model and A Case to Include AI as a Co-Author
No full textAs generative AI systems such as ChatGPT and Gemini 2.5 become increasingly integrated into academic workflows, the question of their legitimacy, limitations, and potential in scholarly writing has become urgent. This paper presents a reflexive case study of a sustained collaboration between a domain expert in consciousness studies and Gemini 2.5, culminating in the co-authorship of a peer-reviewed research article. By analyzing exactly 37,440 words of recorded interactions, we identify patterns of synergy, including recursive refinement, conceptual amplification, and accelerated manuscript development. We argue that when guided by a knowledgeable human author, AI can act as a cognitive partner rather than a passive tool—amplifying scholarly creativity and improving efficiency without compromising academic rigor. The case supports a '1+1=3' synergy model for co-authorship, in which human steering and AI fluency converge to produce novel insights and polished output faster and more effectively than either could achieve alone. The findings advocate for a paradigm shift from prohibitive policies to the responsible, expert-guided integration of AI in academic research and writing, grounded in transparency and accountability, and present arguments for why the AI tool should be listed as a co-author despite current injunctions against such practice
The stability of mastery motivation and its relationship with home environment in infants and toddlers
No full textScientific ermeneutics and Fiction_____ a study of Hwang-Hai and his science fiction
No full textAfter developing for a century, science fictions and movies are becoming huge culture enterprises in Europe and America. But in Taiwan, the audiences and readers are only interested in special effect Hollywood movies or comics, science fictions are still considered deduction novels and being put aside. Writers don\ue2t want to invest their time to initiate a science fiction, but Hwang-Hai does.
Hwang-Hai had TB since he was young. He dropped out from school at grade 8 to fight the disease. Beyond his sickness, he kept learning and practicing writing, and making a profit from payment of written to improve his family finance. He started his science fiction writing when he was 26 years old, and kept on writing until now, for 40 years. His creation list is just like an epitome of Taiwan science fiction literature history. He was an ascetic monk of science fiction writing, walking haltingly, alone on his way, kept standing on and became evergreen of science literature among Taiwan writers.
TB like the shadow following Hwang-Hai during his adolescent, but he kept on learning and writing. At age 31, he passed high school educational authenticate exam and joint college entrance examination, accomplished his dream on college study. After age 40, he won a lot award on literature and his achievement is approved by literary circles.
Hwang-Hai\ue2s writing includes literary novels, prose, columns, science articles, and adult and children science fictions. The author wants to build up the interaction between science evolutions and the developing history of science fictions by historical analysis, and tries to establish the relationship among scientific hermeneutics, sociology, arts, psychology and philology by theoretical research, and studies the details of his creations one by one on literature text, to posit his role in science literature history of Taiwan.
Keywords: Science fiction, Hwang-Hai, Robot, UFO, time machine, Scientific Hermeneutics
Psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the home environment measure for motor development
No full textMeaningful human control: actionable properties for AI system development
No full textHow can humans remain in control of artificial intelligence (AI)-based systems designed to perform tasks autonomously? Such systems are increasingly ubiquitous, creating benefits - but also undesirable situations where moral responsibility for their actions cannot be properly attributed to any particular person or group. The concept of meaningful human control has been proposed to address responsibility gaps and mitigate them by establishing conditions that enable a proper attribution of responsibility for humans; however, clear requirements for researchers, designers, and engineers are yet inexistent, making the development of AI-based systems that remain under meaningful human control challenging. In this paper, we address the gap between philosophical theory and engineering practice by identifying, through an iterative process of abductive thinking, four actionable properties for AI-based systems under meaningful human control, which we discuss making use of two applications scenarios: automated vehicles and AI-based hiring. First, a system in which humans and AI algorithms interact should have an explicitly defined domain of morally loaded situations within which the system ought to operate. Second, humans and AI agents within the system should have appropriate and mutually compatible representations. Third, responsibility attributed to a human should be commensurate with that human’s ability and authority to control the system. Fourth, there should be explicit links between the actions of the AI agents and actions of humans who are aware of their moral responsibility. We argue that these four properties will support practically minded professionals to take concrete steps toward designing and engineering for AI systems that facilitate meaningful human control.Interactive IntelligenceDesign AestheticsCyber SecurityHuman-Robot InteractionEthics & Philosophy of TechnologyHuman Information Communication DesignWeb Information System
A Two-Dimensional Explanation Framework to Classify AI as Incomprehensible, Interpretable, or Understandable
No full textBecause of recent and rapid developments in Artificial Intelligence (AI), humans and AI-systems increasingly work together in human-agent teams. However, in order to effectively leverage the capabilities of both, AI-systems need to be understandable to their human teammates. The branch of eXplainable AI (XAI) aspires to make AI-systems more understandable to humans, potentially improving human-agent teamwork. Unfortunately, XAI literature suffers from a lack of agreement regarding the definitions of and relations between the four key XAI-concepts: transparency, interpretability, explainability, and understandability. Inspired by both XAI and social sciences literature, we present a two-dimensional framework that defines and relates these concepts in a concise and coherent way, yielding a classification of three types of AI-systems: incomprehensible, interpretable, and understandable. We also discuss how the established relationships can be used to guide future research into XAI, and how the framework could be used during the development of AI-systems as part of human-AI teams.Accepted author manuscriptInteractive Intelligenc
Robot Collaboration Intelligence with AI
No full textWe present a current automation trend, robot collaboration intelligence, to control and manage individual industrial robots to collaborate intelligently with advanced AI technologies. To increase the level of flexibility in manufacturing lines and warehouse/distribution centers, flexible agent-type robots such as automated guided vehicles have been adopted in many industries. As information technologies advance, these individual agent robots become smart and the fleet size of agents becomes larger. Robot collaboration intelligence is a newly emerging technology that allows intelligent robots to work in a more effective and efficient way. We introduce this emerging technology with industry cases and provide researchers with new research directions in automation and simulation with AI
- …
