845 research outputs found
Horace Kephart to Charles Stanley Jacob, May 4, 1919
No full textIn a letter to Charles Stanley Jacob on May 4, 1919, Horace Kephart thanks Jacob for sending him a sample pound of yerba mate tea. Kephart offers comments and criticisms of the product, including the tea’s slightly bitter taste and lack of stimulation at night.>-T0
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May 4,
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W. E. Fitch to Horace Kephart, January 26, 1920
No full textIn a letter to Horace Kephart on January 26, 1920 W. E. Fitch of the Keystone Instant Food Company corrects Kephart's information on their ready-to-serve products, and explains the advantages over canned and dehydrated foods.FACTORY
DANBURY, CONN.
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TELEPHONE:
MURRAY HILL 91 I 9
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Iff?* Horace ICeph&rt,
Bryson City,
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Lly dear Sir:
Your letter o'f January 24th has jus
and has L.ad our most careful consideration*
ding our products
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ready-to-serve feeds, Including.meat products, soup*, broths,
etc., in all about ninety-six different varieti-' Our factory
was burned sometime ago and tke new factory is rapidly bearing
completion and within a month*s time, we expect to be manufacturing again. At which time '" f>l aasd to. send 'you samp]
n 4» wii
explicit directions.
the advantageSpand uiore, c_ c .
;,.f dehydrated foodsj ... .
'Our foods possess a!
foods and the same might I
any of the disadv... bage i of Jit .;r. Dehydratse. foods require
alongjed soaking from six to twelve hours before they c,,-.
cooked. Cur foods are already cooked, ready to serve and onl
require ten to fifteen minutes boiling when they oan -i .
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remainder will keep in
transferring zc a. last
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Conducting Polymer Wires for Intravascular Neural Recording
No full textBrain-machine interfaces are a technology with the potential to fundamentally change the way people interact with their environment, but their adoption has been hampered by the invasiveness of conventional implanted cortical microelectrode arrays. Llinás et al. have proposed a novel design for intravascular nanowire electrode arrays, which promise to be less invasive than current technology. Early work utilizing platinum nanowires showed that metal wires are too stiff for this application. Conducting polymer nanowires could be used in place of metal to build electrodes with far lower stiffness and high conductivity. This thesis describes several all-polymer electrode architectures and the fabrication techniques used to build them. Polypyrrole microwire electrodes were first built in order to demonstrate the feasibility of an all-polymer neural recording electrode, and were shown to give high-fidelity intravascular recordings. Polyaniline nanowires were then fabricated by coaxial electrospinning, which was shown to be a viable technique for the manufacture of such wires. These wires will be integrated to form complete nanowire electrodes and tested in animals before moving towards human applications
High Force Density Linear Permanent Magnet Motors: "Electromagnetic Muscle Actuators"
No full textActuator performance represents a key constraint on the capability of many engineered devices. Performance of these devices is often exceeded by their muscle-powered natural counterparts, inspiring the development of new, "active material" actuators. This thesis reconsiders a traditional actuator, the linear permanent magnet motor, as a form of active material actuator, and presents new, unified scaling and magnetic field models for its performance. This active material motor model predicts that motors composed of large numbers of very small, actively-cooled repeat units, similar to the architecture of biological muscles, can provide greatly enhanced force density over extant designs. Our model is constructed by considering the motor winding as an active material, with its performance limited by the diffusion of waste heat. This allows a quantitative scaling model for the motor constant and force-to-mass ratio to be built for the case of a winding immersed in a homogeneous magnetic field. This model is then modified with a small set of dimensionless parameters to describe the performance penalties imposed by the use of practical sources of magnetic field, specifically periodic arrays of permanent magnets. We explain how to calculate these parameters for a variety of different types of magnet arrays using analytical magnetic field and heat transfer models, and present a new field model for tubular linear motors having improved numerical stability and accuracy. We illustrate the use of our modeling approach with two design case studies, a motor for flapping-wing flying and an actuator for high-performance controllable needle-free jet injection. We then validate our predictions by building and testing a novel water-cooled motor using a tubular double-sided Halbach array of magnets, with a mass of 185 g, a stroke of 16 mm, and a magnetic repeat length of 14.5 mm. This motor generates a continuous force density of 140 N/kg, and has a motor constant of nearly 6 N/[square root]W, both higher than any previously reported motor in this size class
Recent acquisition of Helicobacter pylori by Baka Pygmies
No full textBoth anatomically modern humans and the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori originated in Africa, and both species have been associated for at least 100,000 years. Seven geographically distinct H. pylori populations exist, three of which are indigenous to Africa: hpAfrica1, hpAfrica2, and hpNEAfrica. The oldest and most divergent population, hpAfrica2, evolved within San hunter-gatherers, who represent one of the deepest branches of the human population tree. Anticipating the presence of ancient H. pylori lineages within all hunter-gatherer populations, we investigated the prevalence and population structure of H. pylori within Baka Pygmies in Cameroon. Gastric biopsies were obtained by esophagogastroduodenoscopy from 77 Baka from two geographically separated populations, and from 101 non-Baka individuals from neighboring agriculturalist populations, and subsequently cultured for H. pylori. Unexpectedly, Baka Pygmies showed a significantly lower H. pylori infection rate (20.8%) than non-Baka (80.2%). We generated multilocus haplotypes for each H. pylori isolate by DNA sequencing, but were not able to identify Baka-specific lineages, and most isolates in our sample were assigned to hpNEAfrica or hpAfrica1. The population hpNEAfrica, a marker for the expansion of the Nilo-Saharan language family, was divided into East African and Central West African subpopulations. Similarly, a new hpAfrica1 subpopulation, identified mainly among Cameroonians, supports eastern and western expansions of Bantu languages. An age-structured transmission model shows that the low H. pylori prevalence among Baka Pygmies is achievable within the timeframe of a few hundred years and suggests that demographic factors such as small population size and unusually low life expectancy can lead to the eradication of H. pylori from individual human populations. The Baka were thus either H. pylori-free or lost their ancient lineages during past demographic fluctuations. Using coalescent simulations and phylogenetic inference, we show that Baka almost certainly acquired their extant H. pylori through secondary contact with their agriculturalist neighbors
Die Zukunft der EU-Finanzierung: Beiträge contra Steuern
No full textKritiker der derzeitigen Finanzierung der Europäischen Union (EU) verweisen auf die Intransparenz des bestehenden Eigenmittelsystems. Zur Lösung dieses Problems wird eine eigene EU-Steuer vorgeschlagen. Sie soll dazu beitragen, die Finanzautonomie der Europäischen Union zu stärken und die Verteilungsauseinandersetzungen zwischen den Mitgliedstaaten bei den Verhandlungen über die mehrjährige Finanzielle Vorausschau der EU zu entschärfen. Die vorliegende Analyse untersucht die Eignung verschiedener Steuerarten zur Finanzierung des EU-Haushalts und diskutiert das Für und Wider der beiden maßgeblichen Finanzierungsalternativen: Beiträge und Steuern. Im Ergebnis wird vor allem aus politökonomischen Gründen eine Steuerfinanzierung abgelehnt, weil sie die Budgetrestriktion für die EU lockern würde. Solange der EU-Etat im Wesentlichen aus Beiträgen finanziert wird, die aus den nationalen Haushalten zu bestreiten sind, besteht ein Anreiz für die Mitgliedstaaten, für eine Begrenzung der EU-Ausgaben zu sorgen. Konkret lautet der Vorschlag, die EU vorrangig über Beiträge zu finanzieren, deren Höhe sich am einzelstaatlichen Bruttonationaleinkommen bemisst.Critics of the present system for financing the European Union (EU) point to the lack of transparency in the way the EU currently raises funds and propose the introduction of an EU tax to solve this problem. Their aim is to help strengthen the financial autonomy of the European Union while at the same time defusing the arguments between the member states over the distribution of funds when the EU's multiannual Financial Perspective is being negotiated. The present analysis examines the suitability of different sorts of tax for financing the EU budget and discusses the arguments for and against the two main financing alternatives: contributions and taxes. The author concludes by rejecting tax financing, primarily for politico-economic reasons, as it would lead to a relaxation of the EU's budget restrictions. As long as the EU budget is largely financed by contributions paid for out of national budgets there remains an incentive for the member states to ensure that EU expenditures are limited. The author makes the concrete suggestion that the EU be funded primarily by means of contributions based on the gross national income of the individual member states
Freiheit und Eigenverantwortung: Empirische Befunde und ordnungspolitische Grundlagen der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft
No full textDer Beitrag nimmt die Debatte um die Reformen des Sozialstaates zum Anlass, die Grundwerte von Freiheit und Eigenverantwortung in einen ordnungspolitischen Zusammenhang zu stellen und ihre Akzeptanz empirisch zu prüfen. Der Staat hat zwar diese Grundwerte zu schützen und zu verteidigen, ist aber in eine ordnungspolitische Falle geraten, indem er den Menschen immer mehr die Freiheit zur Selbstsorge abgenommen hat. Die empirischen Daten zeigen, dass die Gewährung von Freiheit und Eigenverantwortung für Wachstum und Wohlstand unverzichtbar ist. Die Bevölkerung ist zwar dem liberalen Modell zugeneigt, doch starke Gewöhnungseffekte zeitigen oftmals ein Festhalten an kollektiven Sicherungen. Im internationalen Vergleich gehört Deutschland zu den westeuropäischen Ländern, deren Menschen liberale Werte mit am deutlichsten befürworten.Prompted by the current debate over social reforms, the author looks at the role of freedom and individual responsibility in the way German society is structured and investigates the empirical evidence for the population's attitude to these fundamental values. Although theoretically responsible for protecting and defending these basic principles, the State has in fact fallen into a trap whereby the country's political structures increasingly deprive people of their freedom to fend for themselves. The empirical data show that guarantees of freedom and individual responsibility are essential for growth and prosperity. Although the population as a whole takes a favourable view of the liberal model of society, they have also grown accustomed to collective social security arrangements and tend to cling to them tenaciously. Among western European nations, Germany is one of the countries whose populations most clearly endorse liberal values
Ökonomik des Tarifrechts
No full textSeit Jahren wird in Politik und Wissenschaft recht kontrovers über das deutsche Tarifrecht diskutiert. Die vorliegende Analyse stellt einige der wichtigsten rechtlichen Regelungen dar und erörtert deren ökonomische Auswirkungen. Besonderer Reformbedarf wird beim sogenannten Günstigkeitsprinzip gesehen. Der Gesetzgeber sollte den Günstigkeitsvergleich um den Aspekt der Arbeitsplatzsicherheit erweitern und den zahlreichen betrieblichen Bündnissen eine klare Rechtsgrundlage geben. Außerdem ist zu überlegen, ob die Nachwirkung von Tarifverträgen zeitlich befristet und der Wettbewerb zwischen den Gewerkschaften durch Aufgabe des in der Rechtsprechung entwickelten Prinzips der Tarifeinheit gestärkt werden kann. Forderungen nach einer stärkeren Nutzung des Instruments der Allgemeinverbindlichkeit oder einem gesetzlichen Mindestlohn werden mit Hinblick auf die damit verbundenen negativen Arbeitsmarktwirkungen abgelehnt. Auch eine gesetzliche Stärkung der tarifpolitischen Kompetenzen der Betriebsräte erscheint angesichts der umfassenden Mitbestimmungsrechte ökonomisch nicht ratsam.For years German collective bargaining legislation has been the subject of fierce debate in political and academic circles. The present analysis presents some of the most important statutes and discusses their economic effects. The so-called favourability principle, which allows deviation from collective agreements only in the employees' favour, is considered particularly ripe for reform. The author proposes extending the principle to include arguments involving job security, thus giving the numerous agreements already made on this issue at company level a clear legal basis. The question also arises as to whether collective bargaining agreements, which are currently effective until replaced, should not be subject to time limits. In addition, it might be possible to enhance the competition between unions by abandoning the principle developed by the labour courts of making collective agreements exclusive at plant level. Demands for a legal minimum wage or wider use of decrees extending a wage agreement beyond those represented by its signatories are rejected as detrimental to the labour market. Nor, given the comprehensive right to co-determination, does it seem advisable in economic terms to legislate for an expanded role for works councils in the context of collective bargaining
Finanzmarktstrukturen im Wandel
No full textDie Studie untersucht den aktuellen Wandel des deutschen Finanzsystems. Dabei wird der informationsökonomische Aspekt hervorgehoben. In der ökonomischen Analyse des Finanzmarktgeschehens hat sich die Informationsökonomik als zentrales Analysewerkzeug durchgesetzt. Dieser Zweig der Wirtschaftswissenschaften stellt Informations- und Anreizprobleme in den Vordergrund und sucht nach Lösungen mittels geeigneter Verträge und Institutionen. Diese Studie nutzt diese Überlegungen und überträgt sie auf die Beschreibung und die Interpretation des Wandels, den das deutsche Finanzsystem seit einiger Zeit erlebt. Diese Entwicklung im deutschen Finanzsystem muss vor dem Hintergrund der großen Herausforderungen an die deutsche Wirtschaft gesehen werden. Deshalb ist die Frage berechtigt, ob die deutsche Finanzwirtschaft der verlässliche Partner für die deutsche Wirtschaft ist: Behindert oder fördert der gegenwärtige Wandel im deutschen Finanzsektor die Fähigkeit, Partner der Industrie zu bleiben? Die vorliegende Studie legt die These nahe, dass der Wandel des Finanzsystems den Herausforderungen gerecht wird. Die aktuellen Trends stellen eine Entwicklung in Richtung eines vollständigen Finanzierungssystems dar und sind fast uneingeschränkt zu begrüßen. Die innovativen Finanzprodukte, die beziehungsbasierte Intermediation, Risikotransfer und Marktfähigkeit miteinander verbinden, sind für die deutschen Unternehmen besonders geeignet.This analysis examines the current changes in the German financial system. In doing so, it highlights the role of information economics, which has become accepted as the central analytic tool for the economic analysis of events in the finance market. This branch of economics emphasizes problems of information and incentives and seeks solutions in the appropriate contracts and institutions. The author makes use of these ideas to describe and interpret the changes that the German financial system has for some time been undergoing. These changes must be viewed in the context of the great challenges facing German business. Indeed, we can justifiably ask whether the German financial sector is a reliable partner for German companies: is the current change hindering or enhancing in the financial sector's ability to remain a partner for industry? The present analysis supports the thesis that the changes will enable the financial system to meet these challenges. The current trends indicate development towards a comprehensive financing system and should be welcomed almost without reservation. The innovative financial products, which combine relationship-based intermediation, risk transfer and marketability, are particularly suitable for German companies
Föderalismusreform: Die Unzulänglichkeiten des Finanzausgleichs unter den Ländern
No full text[Hintergrund] Der Finanzausgleich wird durch das Maßstäbegesetz und das Finanzausgleichsgesetz geregelt. Ersteres regelt die Maßstäbe für die vertikale Verteilung der Umsatzsteuer zwischen Bund und Ländern. Außerdem enthält es die Vorgaben für den Umsatzsteuervorwegausgleich, den Länderfinanzausgleich und für die Gewährung von Bundesergänzungszuweisungen. Damit konkretisiert das Gesetz die Normen der Artikel 106 und 107 des Grundgesetzes. Das daraus abgeleitete Finanzausgleichsgesetz bestimmt auf dieser Basis die jährlichen Zahlungen im Finanzausgleich. Beide Gesetze treten Ende 2019 außer Kraft. Folglich bedarf es entsprechender Nachfolgeregelungen. In ihrem Koalitionsvertrag haben CDU und SPD deshalb beschlossen, eine Kommission zur Reform der föderalen Finanzbeziehungen einzurichten. Sie soll sich zum Jahreswechsel 2014/2015 konstituieren. Bereits im Vorfeld zeigt sich, dass viele Vertreter der Länder vor allem den Länderanteil am Steueraufkommen erhöhen und den Bund zu Zugeständnissen bei der Steuerverteilung bewegen wollen. Damit würden aber die Unzulänglichkeiten des bestehenden Finanzausgleichssystems nicht beseitigt. In dieser Arbeit wird deshalb der Finanzausgleich mit seinen verschiedenen Komponenten erläutert und seine Folgen dargestellt. Zusätzlich wird untersucht, wie sich graduelle Reformen auswirken. [...]Germany's fiscal compensation system between the federal states provides a high degree of equalization. After the final stage all states have tax revenues per capita of at least 97.5 percent with respect to the nationwide average. At the same time the system is highly complicated. It consists of three steps which have different rules how to calculate payments. In consequence some states have to pay transfers in the first step and receive some in the second and third. However, the main shortcomings are the extremely high marginal withdrawal rates in case of increasing tax revenues. In particular, poor states loose more than 80 per-cent of each additional Euro of tax revenue by transfers foregone. This leads into a poverty trap. The Cologne Institute of Economic Research investigated whether this problem can be mitigated by gradual reforms without changing the basic principles of the system. The answer is clearly: No! Thus the author recommends a larger reform that provides a higher degree of fiscal autonomy to the federal states. Instead of sketching up a new reform model the reader is pointed towards already existing suggestions that satisfy the need of an efficient equalization system. In particular, the new proposal of the Board of Economic Advisors deserves policymaker's attention
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