245 research outputs found
Counter-gradient diffusion of Reynolds stress in turbulent Couette flow with forward-facing step
No full textThe turbulent Couette flow with a forward-facing step (sudden contraction) is investigated experimentally and numerically. The particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurement and direct numerical simulation (DNS) prove peculiar turbulence behavior, the counter-gradient diffusion of the Reynolds stress, near the front part of the corner separation on the forward step. The negative turbulence production which follows the counter-gradient diffusion is then evaluated through quadrant analysis. The negative contribution of Q1 and Q3 events inside the shear layer increases with decreasing the Reynolds number. The effect makes the counter-gradient diffusion rather pronounced in lower Reynolds number flows
Pathogenetic Role of Amyloid Precursor Protein in Alzheimer’s Disease: The Internal Disintegration Hypothesis Revisited
Get PDFReviewAlzheimer’s disease is characterized by massive neuronal degeneration and extracellular amyloid deposition in the brain. Although there have been numerous studies exploring these pathological hallmarks, a causal relation between the two events remains elusive. The most prevailing idea is that the extracellular deposition of amyloid, which results from the polymerization of amyloid-b protein generated by abnormal processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP), leads to neuronal degeneration ‘from outside’ (the amyloid cascade hypothesis, 1992). The author of this review proposed an alternative hypothesis based on the analyses of APP-overexpressing cell models (the internal disintegration hypothesis, 1995). This hypothesis is that intraneuronal accumulations of APP and its amyloidogenic fragments generated in the lysosomes contribute primarily to neuronal death ‘from inside’, implying that the extracellular amyloid deposition is an accompanying event. Further studies have shown that caspase-3, a key apoptosis-executioner protease, is activated in APP-overexpressing degenerating neurons where the intracellular accumulation of APP leads to a sequential activation of the Ca2+-activated protease calpain and caspase-3. Moreover, APP-induced apoptosis is likely to operate in nascent neurons during the early period of development. In this review, the author revisits the hypothesis and discusses that APP plays a neuroprotective role but induces neurodegeneration when its accumulation reaches a critical level to trigger the apoptotic pathway. This hypothesis has been corroborated by multiple lines of evidence in studies on mutant APP transgenic mice and neuropathological findings in Alzheimer’s disease
Stylobates calcifer Yoshikawa & Izumi 2022, sp. nov.
No full textStylobatescalcifer sp. nov. Yoshikawa and Izumi [Japanese name: Hime-kin-kara-isoginchaku] (Figs. 2–6, A2) Synonyms: Isadamsia sp. J: Uchidaand Soyama (2001), p. 81; Yanagi (2006), p. 141 (pl. I-I). Stylobates sp.: Yoshikawa et al. (2019), p. 285 (fig. 1A); sea anemone (Isadamsia sp.): Jimi et al. (2021), p. 6 (fig. 1a, b, c). ZooBank LSIDs (Life Science Identifiers): urn:lsid:zoobank. org:pub: D947FADF-9E1F-4136-A6A0-38227AAB5A32. Material examined: Holotype: NSMT-Co 1794, collected from the Sea of Kumano, off of the coast of the Kumano Region of the Kii Peninsula, Honshu, Japan (34°01 , 10.0 ,, N, 136°23 , 10.0 ,, E), by the bottom trawl net on the fishing vessel Jinsho-maru, on October 27, 2019, at a depth of 190– 300 m. Paratypes: CMNH-ZG 09764, CMNH-ZG 09765, CMNHZG09766, CMNH-ZG 09772, CMNH-ZG 09773, CMNHZG09774, CMNH-ZG 09775, and CMNH-ZG 09776, collected from the type locality at a depth of about 300 m; NSMT-Co 1795 and NSMT-Co 1796, collected in a similar manner to NSMT-Co 1794 (34°01 , 10.0 ,, N, 136°23 , 10.0 ,, E) at a depth of 190–300 m; CMNH-ZG 09774, CMNH-ZG 09775, and CMNH-ZG 09776, collected from the type locality at a depth of about 300 m; CMNH-ZG 09767, CMNH-ZG 09768, CMNH-ZG 09769, CMNH-ZG 09770, and CMNH-ZG 09771, collected from Sagami Bay, the coastof Heda, Numazu, Shizuoka, Japan, at a depth of about 300 m. All examined specimens are summarized in Table 1. Morphology: Pedal disk thin, concave, conforming to the shape of the host shell. Diameter of the pedal disk depended on the shell’ s length and shape. Limbus thin, smooth with an irregular outline dependent on the shape of the shell, covering the entire shell except for the part under the hermit crab (Fig. 2). Column smooth, thin, flat, usually not cylindrical on the shells, with mesenterial insertions as dark lines (Fig. 2B, F), 13.7–16.7 mm in height in fixed holotype, diameter flexible depending on the host shell’ s size and the sea anemone’ s conditions. Mesenterial arrangement biradial symmetry with its plane of symmetry perpendicular to the directive axis and its orthogonal axis. Oral disk flat with an oval mouth, 16.0– 20.7 mm in diameter in fixed holotype, with two prominent siphonoglyphs (Figs. 2A, 3E, 4A, B). Mouth weakly swollen in the live animal (Fig. 2C, D), flat in the preserved specimen (Fig. 2E). Tentacles thin and pointed, inner ones 9.25–16.51 mm inlength and 1.19–2.62 mmin diameter, outer shorter than inner, 1.46–7.81 mm and 0.37–1.95 mm, respectively (in fixed holotype). The number of tentacles, 178 to 190 (178 in holotype) (Table 1). The ectodermal musculature longitudinal in tentacles, radial in oral disks. Actinopharynx shallowly ribbed, with two symmetrical siphonoglyphs (Figs. 3E, 4A, B). Marginal sphincter muscle well developed, circumscribed, pinnate, with a short, radiate primary axis (Fig. 3A, B). Mesenterial arrangementin 96 pairsincyclesof 6, 6, 12, 24, and 48 (Fig. 4). Six pairs of the first cycle perfect, two pairs of the first mesentery directives each attached to siphonoglyph (Fig. 4B). The third to fifth cycles with mesenterial filaments (Fig. 4A, D). The fourthand fifth cycles fertile (Figs. 3, 4). Retractor muscles of mesenteries diffuse (Figs. 3E, F, 4B, C). Parieto-basilar muscle poorly developed (Fig. 4D). Sexes separate, holotype male (Fig. 3), paratype (CMNH-ZG 09775) female (Fig. 4). Mature spermatic vesicles 0.12–0.41 mm in diameter (holotype collected in November), mature oocytes 0.44–0.85 mm in diameter (paratype CMNH-ZG 09775 collected in February). All of the developmental stages of the ova seen in a single mesentery. Carcinoecium, varying from a thin chitinous coating on the gastropod shell to a coating with a shell extension and only extension of the shell aperture, thinner (1.0–5.0 mm) than the snail shell, dark brown without gloss (Fig. 5). The growth rings recognized on the surface; the layered structures absent, including dark-colored and white particles, fine sand, forams, and diatoms. Outer surface smoother and fewer exposed particles than the inner surface. Cnidome: Spirocysts in the tentacle, basitrichs in the tentacle, actinopharynx, column, limbus, and microbasic b -mastigophores and p -mastigophores in the mesenterial filament (Figs. 6, A 2, A 3; Table 2). Coloration in life: Base and column light red or pearl pink with dark mesenterial insertions (Fig. 2A, B, C, D). Tentacles, oral disk, lips, actinopharynx, and siphonoglyphs with the same coloring (Fig. 2A, C, D). Right after collection, coloration semitransparent, then turning whitish and somewhat opaque after several weeks in the aquarium. Distribution and habitat: All of the samples were collected fromthe Seaof Kumano (Uchidaand Soyama, 2001; Yoshikawa et al., 2019) and Suruga Bay. Allof the previousrecords were from the Pacific Ocean facing the middle of Honshu Island to Kyushu (Uchida and Soyama, 2001; Yanagi, 2006). The specimens were distributed at 100–400 m from the fine sand and soft mud (Fig. 1; Table 1). Ecological note: Stylobatescalcifer sp. nov. was exclusively found on the shells inhabited by Pagurodofleinia doederleini, consistent with previous studies (Uchida and Soyama, 2001; Yanagi, 2006; Yoshikawa et al., 2019). However, P. doederleini without S. calcifer sp. nov. was sometimes collected in this study. One individual was usually attached to one host hermit crab, consistent with previous studies (Uchida and Soyama, 2001; Yanagi, 2006; Yoshikawa et al., 2019). Genetic analysis: In total, 6867 bp of 12S rDNA, 16S rDNA, 18S rDNA, 28S rDNA, and COIII genes were obtained from the 4 specimens of the newly identified species (CMNH-ZG 09764, CMNH-ZG 09765, CMNH-ZG 09771, and NSMT-Co 1796). These sequences were compared to those of other Actinioideaspecies (DDBJ; Table A1) toexamine thephylogenetic relationshipsbetween Actinioidea. In the phylogenetic treeof thosethree regions (Fig. 7), Stylobates belongedtosuborder Enthemonae (node Aof Fig. 7) and superfamily Actinioidea (node Bof Fig. 7), with the ML bootstrap values/BI posterior probabilities of 100%/1 and 31%/1, respectively. All of the S. calcifer sp. nov. sequences formed a monophyletic clade supportedby 99% of the bootstrapvalues and oneposteriorprobability (node Cof Fig. 7). Thesistercladeof S. calcifer sp. nov. was comprised of Stylobates loisetteae, with high support rate (node D) with ML bootstrap value/BI posterior probability of 99%/1. The interspecific variation of each sequence divergence wascalculated asfollows betweenthe 2 congeneric species in the phylogenetic tree: 0.000 in 12S, 0.002 in 16S, 0.094 in 18S, 0.281 in 28S, and 0.000 in COIII; the intraspecific variation was usually 0.000 or <0.004 (Table A2). Etymology: The specific name “calcifer” is driven fromthe name of a resident fire-demon Calcifer, which appeared in Howl’ s Moving Castle, a fantasy novel by British author Diana Wynne Jones, published in 1986; the story is the original version of the Japanese animated film of the same name, directedby Hayao Miyazaki (animated by Studio Ghibli). The shell-making ability of the new species in the species-specific relationship appears as if Calcifer was in a magical contract withthe Wizard Howl, constructing his Moving Castle. Behavior: feeding response of Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. Two feeding responses of S. calcifer sp. nov. (CMNHZG 09774) were observed: the shrinking body (SB) type and the extending oral disk (EOD) type. An SB-type response occurred when the sea anemone obtained mashed foods. It began to shrink its sphincter muscles and opened its mouth widely immediately after the mashed foods fell on its mouth or tentacles (Video S1, available online). The SB-type response was recorded five times in this study. The EOD-type response occurredwhenthesea anemoneobtained krilland smallshrimps. Itextendeditsmouth inthe food’ s directionandslightlyshrank the marginal disk and tentacles to carry the food toward the mouth (Video S2, available online). The EOD-type response was recorded three times. In contrast, the sea anemone had no feeding responses to the skipjack tuna, brine shrimps, and liveshrimps (e.g., Palaemon spp.) (Video S3, available online). Behavioral relationship with host hermit crabs The first host hermit crab’ s shell change behavior was observed on February 20, 2020 (Video S4, available online). After the hermit crab entered the new shell, it walked to the empty shell and started to detach the sea anemone from the shell (observation S1: Video S4). The detaching behavior of the hermit crab consisted of short and quick tapping, pinching of the sea anemone with its walking legs and chelae, and massaging with its walking legs and its shell (Fig. 8A; observation S1: Video S4). The hermit crab often tapped the edge of the pedal disk of the sea anemone and sometimes pinched the sea anemone’ s tentacles and oral disk, using both chelipeds. Moreover, the hermit crab rode on the sea anemone and shook and tapped it withthe shell rhythmically and constantly at about six stimulations per minute. Although the hermit crab had been continually giving the tactile stimulations to the sea anemone, there was no observed cooperative reaction, which was an apparent or quick reaction observed in other symbiotic sea anemones in shallow water (e.g., Calliactis spp. and Verrillactis sp.) (Ross, 1974, 1975; Yoshikawa et al., 2018). Then, the host hermit crab repeated the above behavioral series continuously; however, failure in transference of the sea anemone and its subsequent return to the previous shells are shown in observation S 1 in Figure A1. The host hermit crab’ s second shell change behavior was observed on February 28, 2020 (Fig. A1). Although no apparent reaction was observed with this sea anemone, its position was gradually moved and peeled off from the shell (Fig. 8B; observation S2-1: Video S5, available online). During the hermit crab’ s transference behavior, the column extended to the paniculate shape from the thin and flat shape (original shape) (observation S2-1: VideoS5). Finally, rather than being spontaneously detached, the sea anemone was peeled off from the shell by the hermitcrab about 12 hours after the crab’ s shell change (observation S2-2: Video S6, available online). After detachment, despite the intense effort of the hermit crab to replace the sea anemone by carrying and fitting to the shell, the sea anemone showed no apparent shell-mounting action (observation S2-2: Video S6). However, the host hermit crab continued to carry the sea anemone and fit it onto the shell. When the sea anemone was turned to the upside-down position (facing up the pedal disk) (Fig. 8C), the hermit crab rode on the pedal disk of the sea anemone and attempted to fit the shell to the curved line of the pedal disk (Fig. 8C, D). The host hermitcrab kept trying until the sea anemone started shell mounting. After about 43 h from the host’ s shell change and 18 h from detachment, the sea anemone began to mount the shell (observation S2-3: Video S7, available online). While the sea anemone was moving to the shell, the hermit crab was still tapping and pinching the sea anemone as in its detaching behavior (Fig. 8E; observation S2-4: Video S8, available online). Finally, the sea anemone settled down on the new shell of the host hermit crab with a usual position facing the upper oral disk (Fig. 8F; observation S2-4: Video S8). In summary, the transfer of the sea anemone took more than 24 h after the second shell change of the host hermit crab, that is, 12 h for detachment from the previous shell, 12 h for the mounting behavior after detachment, and 4 h to complete the transfer (Fig. A1). In summary, the host hermit crab’ s shell change behavior was observed twice on February 20 (Video S4) and February 28, 2020. In the first trial (observation S1), the hermitcrab tried to transfer the CF anemone from 22:00 hours on February 20 to 24:00 hours on February 22 but failed, returning to the previous shell on February 22. However, in its second attempt (observations S2-1 to S2-4), it successfully transferred the CF anemone onto the new shell (observation S2-4: Video S8). Despite the persistent manipulation by the host hermit crab for more than 12 h, the sea anemone did not show a visible, consistent reaction to the crab.Published as part of Yoshikawa, Akihiro, Izumi, Takato, Moritaki, Takeya, Kimura, Taeko & Yanagi, Kensuke, 2022, Carcinoecium-Forming Sea Anemone Stylobates calcifer sp. nov. (Cnidaria, Actiniaria, Actiniidae) from the Japanese Deep-Sea Floor: A Taxonomical Description with Its Ecological Observations, pp. 127-152 in The Biological Bulletin 242 (2) on pages 131-136, DOI: 10.1086/719160, http://zenodo.org/record/757370
QUASI-PULLBACK OF CERTAIN SIEGEL MODULAR FORMS AND BORCHERDS PRODUCTS (Automorphic forms, Automorphic representations, Galois representations, and its related topics)
Get PDFA holomorphic torsion invariant of K3 surfaces with involution was introduced by the author [Yoshikawa, K.-I. K3 surfaces with involution, equivariant analytic torsion, and automorphic forms on the moduli space, Invent. Math. 156 (2004), 53-117.], and it has been proved in [Ma, S., Yoshikawa, K.-I. K3 surfaces with involution, equivariant analytic torsion, and automorphic forms on the moduli space IV: The structure of the invariant, Compositio Math. 156 (2020), 1965-2019.] that this invariant is expressed as the product of an explicit Borcherds product and an explicit Siegel modular form. In this note, we report that these automorphic forms are closed under the operation called quasi-pullback (Theorem 5.9). As a result, we obtain some Borcherds products as the quasi-pullback of certain Siegel modular form (Theorem 5.8)
NILAI BUDAYA DALAM NOVEL TAIRA NO MASAKADO KARYA EIJI YOSHIKAWA (KAJIAN ANTROPOLOGI SASTRA)
Get PDFPenelitian ini menggunakan objek berupa novel Taira no Masakado karya Eiji Yoshikawa dengan kajian antropologi sastra. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan nilai budaya yang terkandung dalam novel Taira no Masakado karya Eiji Yoshikawa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif analisis untuk menganalisis data. Teknik pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini adalah teknik studi pustaka, teknik simak, dan teknik catat. Teknik analisis data menggunakan model Miles dan Huberman yaitu model analisis interaktif. Dalam novel tersebut terdapat lima aspek orientasi nilai budaya dalam masyarakat yang dianalisis menggunakan teori yang dipaparkan oleh Clyde Kluckhohn. Nilai tersebut meliputi nilai budaya pada hakikat hidup manusia yang terdiri dari nilai ketakwaan dan suka berdoa, nilai budaya pada hakikat alam manusia yang terdiri dari nilai pemanfaatan sumber daya alam dan nilai penyatuan, nilai budaya pada hakikat antarmanusia yang terdiri dari nilai tanggung jawab, tolong menolong, cinta kasih, dan menjalin persahabatan, nilai budaya pada hakikat karya manusia yang terdiri dari nilai kesabaran, ketabahan, kerja keras dan kesetiaan, dan nilai budaya pada hakikat waktu manusia yang terdiri dari nilai pemanfaatan waktu.
Kata Kunci: Nilai Budaya; Taira no Masakado; Era Heian; Antropologi Sastra
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This research used an object Taira no Masakado Novel, by Eiji Yoshikawa. The purpose of this research is to describe the cultural values which are contained in Taira no Masakado novel. The author used descriptive analysis methods to analyse data. This research used literature study method, observe technique, and noting technique to collect data. Miles and Huberman descriptive analysis model was used to analyse data, which is an interactive analysis model. There are five aspects of cultural value orientation within society that was analysed using theory by Clyde Kluckhohn. Those values are, the aspect of human-life reality cultural value, which consists of the value of piety and religiousness. The aspect of human-nature reality cultural value, which consists of the natural resource usage and unity value. The aspect of interhuman cultural value, which consists of the responsibility, helping other, love, and friendship value. The aspect of human-work cultural value which consists of the patient, perseverance, hard work, and loyalty value. And The aspect of human-time cultural value, consists of the time usage value.
Keywords: Cultural Value; Taira no Masakado; Heian Period; Literature Anthropolog
Analytic torsion for irreducible holomorphic symplectic fourfolds with involution, II: the singularity of the invariant (with an Appendix by Ken-Ichi Yoshikawa)
No full textWe study the boundary behavior of the invariant of -type manifolds with antisymplectic involution, which we obtained using equivariant analytic torsion. We show the algebraicity of the singularity of the invariant by using the asymptotic of equivariant Quillen metrics and equivariant -metrics. We prove that, in some cases, the invariant coincides with Yoshikawa\u27s invariant for 2-elementary K3 surfaces. Hence, in these cases, our invariant is expressed as the Petersson norm of a Borcherds product and a Siegel modular form.57 pages. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1007.2835 by other author
Sorrow at the Passing of Time : The Theme of the Nineteen Old Poems of the Han, Part I
No full textThe so-called Nineteen Old Poems preserved in the Wen hsüan, a selection of anonymous five-word poems attributed to the Han period, are dominated throughout by a single theme. This, according to the author, is the sorrow at the passing of time, brought about by the keen consciousness that man lives in the midst of a constantly flowing stream of time. This theme is seldom treated in earlier Chinese literature, at least in the Book of Odes. This theme, common to all the Nineteen Poems, is expressed in three ways: I. Endurance of unhappiness in the passing of time, as represented in poems nos. 1, 6, 9, 10, 17, 18, and 19. II. Frustration over lost happiness in the passing of time, as in nos. 2, 5, 7, 8, and 16. III. Human life as a time proceeding toward death, the last and most definite unhappiness, as in nos. 3, 4, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 15. In this first part of his study, the author analyzes the first group of poems, with some suggested emendations of the text and additions to previous commentaries. Groups two and three will be treated in Part II, which will also take up the question of when these poems were written
On The "Song of the Great Wind" Composed by the First Emperor of the Han
No full textSsŭ-ma Ch'ien's Shihchi records the "Song of the Great wind" composed by the First Emperor of the Han, Liu Pang, in the year of his death, when he returned to his native town with the dignity of Emperor and enjoyed a banquet with his companions of former days. There have been various theories among the T'ang commentators as to how to read the first line of the song "A great wind has risen, clouds have flown up", some of which are preserved in Japan alone, and all of which seem to the author somewhat unsatisfactory. Is it impossible to read "A great wind has risen" as a metaphor for the sudden confusion of the world which came about after the destruction of the Ch'in Empire? And is it too unreasonable to read "clouds have flown up" as a metaphor for the success of Liu Pang himself who flew up by means of, and in spite of, such confusion? If such a reading is possible, the author would like to suggest that Liu Pang, the successful hero, was a believer in the caprice of Heaven, in the same way as his rival, Hsiang Yü, who lamented his defeat as the act of a capricious Heaven. The last line of this song, "How shall I get brave men to guard the four territories", also sounds like the reflection of an uneasiness which he felt even at the moment of his greatest triumph
Literacy Curriculum Guide for Preschool Teachers Who Have Gifted Children in a Regular Classroom
No full textABSTRACT\ud
LITERACY CURRICULUM GUIDE FOR PRESCHOOL TEACHERS\ud
WHO HAVE GIFTED CHILDREN IN A REGULAR CLASSROOM\ud
by\ud
?? Yoko Yoshikawa 2009\ud
Master of Arts in Education\ud
Curriculum and Instruction Option\ud
California State University, Chico\ud
Spring 2009\ud
The goal for all educators and other related professionals is providing appropriate\ud
education for all students suited to their needs. Several types of educational\ud
programs have been designed to meet the various needs of students in elementary\ud
grades or older. One such program is called GATE (Gifted and Talented Education).\ud
Yet, preschools have no parallel program; all levels of children are placed together in\ud
one classroom.\ud
All children have the right to be educated. In order to maintain highly motivated\ud
students, schools must strive to provide a quality environment and appropriate\ud
materials for them. This is true not only for the United States, but in schools throughout\ud
the world. Thus, this guidebook is useful in any language.\ud
ix\ud
Since the author has learned and taught both in the United States and Japan,\ud
this guidebook is designed for use in both languages, English and Japanese. The educational\ud
goals for preschoolers in both countries are the same, thus, all activities are well\ud
suited for both countries.\ud
This project was created to provide curriculum plans for preschool teachers,\ud
preschoolers, and their parents. Some preschool teachers are struggling with advanced\ud
students because, although there are many publications about teaching remedial students\ud
in the mainstream, little is written about teaching advanced students.\ud
The purpose of this project is to offer preschool teachers and other related\ud
professionals ideas for teaching gifted education within the regular classroom. The activities\ud
in this guidebook are planned to flow from a gentle warm up, to peak excitement, to a\ud
cooling off period. Also, some assessment ideas are included in the guidebook. There are\ud
a good many activity forms to use as well.\ud
All activity plans are ready-to-go style and have been developed from existing\ud
lesson plans and the author???s prior experience. There is room to further develop or customize\ud
these plans to fit your students and your classroom. You can look at your students\ud
and develop your own. At the end of the project, there are some suggestions for\ud
teachers and the activity providers. These are clearly listed and useful for any situation.CSU, Chic
Peak Car and Beyond: The Fourth Era of Travel
No full textThere is emerging evidence that personal daily travel, particularly by car, has ceased to grow in the developed economies. This can be attributed to saturation of demand, given high levels of access and choice now widely available, together with constraints on higher speeds. We are therefore at a time of transition from an era of growth of per capita travel to an era of stability, in which the future factors determining the growth of total travel demand are demographic — population growth, increasing longevity, and urbanisation. The peak car phenomenon, which marks this transition, is seen in successful cities that attract a growing population whose travel needs are increasingly met by investment in rail-based transport, the revival of which is a characteristic of the new era
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